长时储能实现净零-英-62页_2mb

报告摘要

Objective: Demonstrate LDES technologies' role in decarbonizing industrial processes using renewable energy.
Scope: Covers technologies providing >8 hours of storage via electrochemical, mechanical, thermal, and chemical methods.
Key Message: LDES is a cost-effective solution for industrial decarbonization, applicable across off-grid, easy-to-electrify heat, and hard-to-electrify heat scenarios.

Global Impact:
- LDES can address 65% of global industrial emissions (~8 billion tons of CO2), reducing them by ~7.7 billion tons.
- It enables 24/7 carbon-free power for industrial users, independent of grid decarbonization progress.
Technology Applications:
- Off-Grid Electric: Ideal for remote mining operations, reducing diesel use and enabling full decarbonization.
  - Cost savings: 76% OPEx reduction in Australian mining case.
- Easy-to-Electrify Heat: Suitable for sectors like chemicals and food processing, leveraging electrification with existing tech.
  - Cost reduction: 10–20% cheaper than alternatives.
- Hard-to-Electrify Heat: Long-term potential for high-temperature industrial processes like steel and cement.
  - Challenges include technical barriers and high costs, but opportunities exist via waste heat recovery and preheating.
Economic Feasibility:
- LDES technologies reduce the cost of abatement relative to fossil fuels.
  - Diesel: ≈75 kg CO2/mmbtu; renewable + LDES: lower emissions and costs.
- Sensitivity to electricity price volatility, carbon taxes, and grid reliability.

Off-Grid Electric: Eliminate fossil fuel subsidies and implement carbon taxes to enhance LDES economics.
Grid-Connected Electric/Heat: Use revenue mechanisms (e.g., capacity markets, green energy credits), transparent pricing, and pilot programs.
Enablers:
- Sandboxes for R&D.
- Long-term contracts and carbon pricing.
- Grid modernization to handle increased electrification.

Analysis Approach: Combined case studies, technoeconomic modeling, and regional-specific inputs across eight countries.
Key Variables:
- Retail/wholesale electricity prices, grid emissions, carbon taxes, and renewable costs.
Assumptions:
- 99%+ decarbonization target.
- 20-year economic projection with start years in 2023, 2030, and 2040.

Medium Term: Thermal LDES for waste heat recovery in steel and cement; supported by pilot projects.
Long Term: Integration with high-temperature electrification (e.g., e-kilns, e-furnaces), aided by declining LDES costs.

Data from IEA, EU Emissions Database, and proprietary Roland Berger models.
Case studies from Australia (mining), Germany (chemicals), and the U.S. (food processing).

展开完整摘要