2024-11-17-世界银行-摩尔多瓦国家气候与发展报告（英）_108页_14mb

Climate Action and Development in Moldova

Introduction

Moldova faces significant climate vulnerabilities, including droughts and floods, which threaten economic growth and development. Climate-smart policies are essential for enhancing resilience, fostering economic convergence with the EU, and addressing structural challenges in agriculture and energy.

Development Context

• Economic Challenges: Moldova's economy relies heavily on remittances and agriculture, with high poverty rates, particularly in rural areas. Structural issues like informality and weak institutions hinder growth.
• Climate Impacts: Droughts have caused severe agricultural losses, while energy imports expose the country to price volatility. Moldova ranks high in energy inefficiency but is poised for a green transition through EU integration.

Climate Commitments and Policies

• National Goals: Moldova aims to reduce GHG emissions by 70% below 1990 levels by 2030 (NDC targets) and align with EU climate standards.
• Legal Framework: The Climate Framework Law and National Adaptation Strategy provide policy direction, but implementation gaps remain, particularly in coordination and capacity building.

Sectoral Policies

• Adaptation: Investments in irrigation, water storage, and climate-resilient agriculture are critical. Flood protection infrastructure is underfunded and requires urgent upgrades.
• Decarbonization: Scaling renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and electrifying transport are key priorities. The NECP roadmap outlines decarbonization pathways for energy and industry.
• Forestry: The National Forest Extension and Rehabilitation Program aims to increase carbon sinks by afforesting 145,000 ha by 2032.

Economic and Social Implications

• Growth and Debt: Adaptation and decarbonization scenarios project GDP increases, but may raise public debt. A robust carbon pricing framework can finance investments while avoiding negative impacts on low-income households.
• Job Creation: Green investments could create 0.3–0.8% more jobs by 2030, with mid-skill roles in construction and advanced manufacturing.

Human-Centered Green Transition

• Skills Development: Education reforms must prioritize green skills for sustainable workforce transformation.
• Social Protection: Strengthening social safety nets will protect vulnerable groups affected by sectoral shifts or climate shocks.

Implementation Priorities

• Short-Term: Expand irrigation infrastructure, strengthen disaster risk management.
• Medium-Term: Accelerate energy reforms, enhance CO₂ pricing mechanisms, mainstream climate resilience in public investments.
• Long-Term: Establish institutional coordination (NCCC), operationalize the Green Finance Roadmap.