2018-迈向更具竞争力的菲律宾稻米产业_过去三年的教训（英文版）-10mb

Summary of "Toward a More Resilient and Competitive Philippine Rice Industry: Lessons from the Past Three Decades"

Core Content

This document provides a comprehensive analysis of the Philippine rice sector over the past three decades, focusing on the performance of the National Rice Program (NRP), the impact of government policies, and the role of IRRI-DA partnerships in enhancing the resilience and competitiveness of the sector.

Main Points

Rice in the Filipino Diet and Expenditure

• Rice is the most important staple in the Filipino diet and constitutes a significant portion of household food expenditures.
• It accounts for 37% of the average daily diet of a Filipino family.
• Rice expenditure ranges from 22% to 31% of total food expenditures across different income classes.
• 80% of Filipino families spend more than 50% of their total expenditure on food, with rice being a major component.
• Rice expenditure accounts for roughly one-fifth of the total family food expenditure.
• The domestic price of rice in the Philippines has historically been higher than the world price, which disproportionately affects the poor.

Rice Sector Performance

• The NRP has aimed to increase rice production and yield to achieve self-sufficiency across five administrations (1986–2016).
• Despite efforts, NRP targets have generally not been achieved, especially in recent administrations.
• Rainfed rice targets were more achievable than irrigated rice targets.
• Yield improvements have been consistent over time, especially for irrigated rice, with an average increase of 0.05 t/ha and 300,000 tons of production annually.
• The self-sufficiency gap has declined in recent years, indicating progress.
• However, the country's global food security standing remains poor compared to Thailand, Vietnam, and Malaysia.
• TFP growth was notable in the early 1980s but has not been sustained, with growth mainly due to technical progress.

Rice Production Costs and Returns

• Rice farming costs are dominated by labor, making mechanization a key potential for increasing profitability.
• Rice farms are becoming more fragmented, with over 50% of farms under 1 hectare.
• Rice income constitutes a smaller share of household income, contributing to rural poverty.
• The poverty situation in rural areas has not significantly improved over the past 15 years, lagging behind other ASEAN countries.

Government Funding and Allocation

• The rice sector budget has historically constituted 60%–73% of the DA system budget from 1995 to 2015, dropping to 50% in recent years.
• Palay GVA growth has been supported by substantial government investment.
• Regional allocations have been biased toward regions with lower performance, despite their contribution to palay GVA or harvested area.
• The NRP budget is deconstructed into major final outputs (MFOs), with a focus on production support, infrastructure, and irrigation.
• RDE budget has not consistently met the 1% rule of thumb of commodity GVA to sustain productivity growth.

IRRI-DA Partnerships

• IRRI has been a key partner of the DA in advancing rice research and development since the post-Marcos era (1987–2016).
• The FSSP has been a major platform for collaboration, with seven projects implemented from 2010–2016.
• These projects have aimed to improve productivity, resilience, and competitiveness of the rice sector.
• Partnerships have evolved over time, with a focus on objectives, scope, and outputs.

Areas of Reform and Partnerships

• The document outlines six key areas for reform:
  1. Reforms in the rice research system
  2. Reforms in the rice extension system
  3. Development of a rice strategic plan
  4. Use of landscape as a planning framework
  5. RDE priority areas
  6. DA-IRRI partnerships
• The goal is to increase total farm productivity and income, not just rice production, to address rural poverty.
• Strategic reforms are recommended to align the rice sector with global and national challenges, including climate change and ASEAN integration.

Key Information

• Rice self-sufficiency has been a recurring goal in Philippine agricultural policy, with only 4 out of 50 years (7%) achieving it.
• The rice protection policy has led to higher domestic prices, which penalize the poor who spend a larger proportion of their income on rice.
• The cost of the price wedge (difference between world and domestic prices) has been substantial, ranging from PhP 65 billion to PhP 127 billion annually.
• Rice consumption in the Philippines has grown faster than in other ASEAN countries, with a 0.53% growth rate from 2000–2014.
• Production efficiency and technical progress have played a critical role in TFP growth, but this has not been sustained over time.
• Regional Field Offices (RFOs) have been key in implementing the NRP, with a focus on extension support, education, and infrastructure.
• The NRP budget has been allocated in a non-transparent manner, with ESETS receiving 15% and R&D only 9% in the last administration.

Conclusion

The study emphasizes the need for strategic reforms and more effective partnerships between the Philippine government and IRRI to enhance the resilience and competitiveness of the rice sector. It highlights the importance of balanced investment in research, extension, and infrastructure, and the necessity of rethinking the focus of the NRP to better align with economic and environmental challenges.