生活与消防安全_医院（英文版）_46页_1mb

Summary of IFC Life and Fire Safety Good Practice Note: Hospitals

Core Content

This Good Practice Note (GPN) provides technical guidance for IFC's investment and project teams on life and fire safety (LFS) in hospital buildings. It is intended to serve as a reference document, not a compliance guide, and is based on IFC's belief in best practices for environmental and social issues in the private sector. The document outlines key design, operational, and maintenance principles to ensure the safety of patients, staff, and property in the event of a fire.

Main Objectives

• Defend-in-place strategy: Allow patients to remain in place during a fire until safe evacuation is possible.
• Limit fire and smoke spread: Confine the fire to the room of origin.
• Safe intervention for fire brigade: Ensure that the building allows for effective and safe fire suppression.

Key Components of Life and Fire Safety

1. Defend-in-Place Strategy

• A comprehensive approach using built-in fire safety systems and staff training.
• The strategy aims to prevent patient movement during a fire, with safe refuge areas available on the same floor.
• Staff training is essential to ensure a prompt and effective response.

2. Structural Fire Resistance

• Goal: Ensure the building structure can withstand fire in the room of origin.
• Requirements:
  • Non-combustible materials (e.g., concrete, metal with insulation).
  • Single-story buildings: 60 minutes of structural resistance.
  • All other buildings: 120 minutes of structural resistance.
• Maintenance:
  • Regular inspection of fire-resistant materials and coatings.
  • Certificates must be provided for proper installation of fire-rated components.

3. Fire Compartmentation

• Goal: Confine fire and smoke to a limited area.
• Requirements:
  • Each floor should form a single fire compartment.
  • High-risk areas (e.g., kitchens, laboratories) should be in separate compartments.
  • Vertical openings (stairs, elevators) should be fire-rated.
  • Fire-rated walls and doors should enclose safe means of egress.
• Additional Barriers:
  • Patient room areas should have barriers between rooms, corridors, and safe refuge areas.
  • Recommended fire ratings: 1 hour for safe refuge separations, 1/2 hour for patient room to corridor barriers.

4. Fire Detection Systems

• Goal: Early detection of fire to ensure timely response.
• Components:
  • Fire alarm control panel (FACP).
  • Fire detectors.
  • Manual alarm callpoints (MACs).
  • Input/output modules.
• Installation:
  • Systems should be approved by national standards or accredited bodies.
  • A cause and effect matrix should be developed during design.
  • FACP should be in a continuously staffed location.
• Maintenance:
  • Annual maintenance by certified companies.
  • Daily monitoring of alarms.
  • Verification of detection system performance during layout changes.

5. Fire Alarm Systems

• Goal: Initiate timely and orderly evacuation.
• Installation:
  • Audible alarms should be distinct and loud enough (at least 65 dBA or 15 dBA above ambient noise).
  • Voice evacuation systems are preferred in patient areas.
  • Visible notification systems can be used in critical care areas.
• Maintenance:
  • Annual testing of sound levels.
  • Verification of alarm system functionality during change projects.

6. Means of Egress

• Goal: Enable safe evacuation or temporary refuge.
• Design Requirements:
  • Evacuation routes should be limited in length.
  • Exits must be wide enough to accommodate all occupants.
  • At least two independent exits should be available from any area.
  • Exits should be spaced apart by at least half the diagonal length of the building.
  • Safe refuge areas should have access to at least two exits.
• Components:
  • Emergency doors should not be locked.
  • All means of egress must be well-illuminated.
  • Signage must be clear and illuminated.

Key Fire Safety Documentation

• Fire Safety Master Plan: A comprehensive plan for fire safety.
• Fire Safety Design Documentation: Detailed design specifications.
• Fire Prevention Program: Measures to prevent fire incidents.
• Management of Change Program: Ensures fire safety is maintained during modifications.
• Emergency Response Plans: Procedures for fire incidents.
• Maintenance Plan and Contract: Ensures ongoing upkeep of fire protection systems.
• Test Plans: Regular testing of fire protection systems.
• Incident Reporting Documents: Records of fire-related incidents.

Project Approval and Implementation

• Project approval should consider all life and fire safety aspects.
• A well-structured 'management of change' program is essential to maintain fire safety integrity.
• Regular inspections and maintenance are required to ensure systems remain functional and compliant.

Conclusion

The GPN emphasizes the importance of a defend-in-place strategy, fire compartmentation, non-combustible materials, and well-maintained fire detection and alarm systems in hospital buildings. It highlights the critical role of staff training and the necessity of a structured management of change and maintenance program to ensure the long-term effectiveness of fire safety measures. The document also outlines the documentation and approval process for fire safety in healthcare occupancies, reinforcing the need for a proactive and comprehensive approach to life and fire safety.