2022-07-27-国际劳工组织-疫情下的亚洲服装行业趋势（EN）_57页_6mb

Report Content Analysis Summary

Employment, Wages and Productivity Trends in the Asian Garment Sector: Data and Policy Insights for the Future of Work

1. Asia’s Role in Global Garments

• Asia remains the primary manufacturer of global garments, accounting for over 55% of global GTF exports in 2019.
• The sector employs approximately 60 million workers in Asia, with significant female participation (80-86% in some countries).
• Countries like Bangladesh, Cambodia, and Viet Nam are key contributors, with employment rising due to foreign investment and FDI.

2. Employment Structure

• Wearing apparel dominates GTF employment across most Asian nations (51-83%).
• Employment is highly concentrated in large factories and export-oriented firms, with high spatial concentration in countries like Bangladesh.
• Informality is widespread, with nearly 95% of workers in some countries being informal, including many home-based and casual workers.

3. Wages and Productivity

• Labour Productivity Remains Low: Average levels are low, with few countries moving up the value chain.
• Wage Growth Correlated with Productivity: Increases in productivity are linked to wage growth, but informal work and market pressures can complicate this relationship.
• Gender Pay Gaps Persist: Women earn 17-41% less than men in some countries, with women concentrated in low-pay roles.
• COVID-19 Impact: Highlighted vulnerabilities, particularly for informal workers and supply chain disruptions.

4. Industrial Relations

• Supply chain dynamics, including buyer-driven models and fast fashion, create power imbalances.
• Weak bargaining power for workers due to fragmented unions, low collective bargaining rates, and aggressive employer practices.
• Countries like Indonesia recently saw labor law changes aimed at increasing flexibility, undermining worker protections.

5. Key Challenges

• Informality: Widespread informal employment lacking social protection.
• Vulnerability: High levels of temp work, low wages, and unsafe working conditions.
• Gender Inequality: Women face lower wages, less bargaining power, and higher risks of workplace violence.
• Sustainability: Supply chain restructuring risks resilience, especially post-COVID-19.

Conclusions

• Asia’s GTF sector needs policies balancing competitiveness, decent work, and sustainability.
• Strengthening formalization, collective bargaining, and social dialogue is crucial.
• Addressing GSC power imbalances can improve working conditions and productivity.

\note{Summary based on deeper analysis of report structure, key findings, and comparative data trends.}