美联储-美国的能源消耗和不平等_谁是能源负担_（英）-2025_44页_647kb

Energy Consumption and Inequality in the U.S.:

1. Energy Burdened Households (EB):

   • Approximately 20% of U.S. households are classified as energy burdened based on an income-based threshold (twice the median share of energy expenditure to disposable income).
   • EB households are concentrated in low-income quintiles (84% in the bottom two) and exhibit characteristics such as racial minorities, single parenthood, unemployment, and reliance on public assistance.

2. Key Findings:

   • Persistence: EB status persists across survey waves, with a 49% probability of remaining EB if previously classified as such.
   • Consumption Behavior: EB households have higher marginal propensities to consume (both overall and energy), but lower energy consumption growth despite higher income growth.
   • Volatility: EB households face greater volatility in energy consumption and income compared to non-EB households.

3. Energy Consumption Definition:

   • The study broadens the definition of household energy consumption to include gasoline for transport, as it significantly impacts vulnerability assessments.

4. Inequality Trends:

   • Income inequality rose 24% (1999-2021), while energy consumption inequality increased moderately, with transport energy inequality growing faster than residential energy.
   • EB households bear a disproportionate share of rising inequality, particularly in the transport energy sector.

Conclusion:

• EB households face persistent challenges due to socioeconomic and demographic disadvantages. Incorporating transport energy into energy burden assessments is crucial for comprehensive policy design. Energy policy should address both consumption and inequality dynamics.