世界银行-解锁绿色物流促发展（英）-2023.10-97页_23mb

Logistics is essential for economic and social development, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where freight transport demand is growing and expected to increase significantly. This growth, if unchecked, will lead to substantial rises in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the logistics sector, which already accounts for a large share of global emissions. For instance, trucking contributes half of all logistics GHG emissions, while shipping and aviation handle significant portions of the remainder. To address this, a holistic decarbonization approach is required, integrating policy measures, technological advancements, and infrastructure improvements.

Key strategies for reducing logistics emissions include:

• Economy-Wide Framework Conditions: Governments should implement spatial planning to align economic activities with efficient logistics infrastructure, and use pricing mechanisms like carbon pricing or subsidies reform to discourage fossil fuel use. This includes balancing cost recovery across transport modes.
• Modal Shift: Encouraging a shift from high-emission road transport to lower-emission rail and inland waterway options can reduce emissions by up to 70% per ton-kilometer. This requires investments in rail and water infrastructure, along with services that ensure competitive pricing and reliability.
• Efficiency Improvements: Enhancing vehicle and operational efficiencies, such as through fuel efficiency standards, eco-driving training, and reducing empty trips, can lower emissions incrementally. Simple measures like LED lighting and solar panels in warehousing also contribute.
• Alternative Fuels: Transitioning to low-carbon alternatives like electricity, hydrogen, biofuels, and ammonia is crucial for long-term decarbonization, but this depends on green electricity availability and infrastructural readiness. For example, electrification is strong for urban and light-duty trucking, while hydrogen may suit longer hauls.

Decarbonization efforts should prioritize interventions based on economic impact, cost, and development needs. LMICs must incorporate climate considerations into their National Logistics Plans, starting with a logistics GHG analysis to assess emissions sources and mitigation options. Governments are encouraged to work with the World Bank to develop a Green Logistics Plan, leveraging revenue from carbon pricing for funding and driving innovation. A successful transition to green logistics not only mitigates climate change but also enhances economic efficiency, reduces costs, and improves public health.