2025-06-03-世界卫生组织-Environmental_Health_Lesotho_2025_country_profile_4页_267kb

报告摘要

Lesotho Summary

Core Content

This document provides an overview of key environmental and health indicators for Lesotho, including exposure, health, and policy scores. The scores are based on published data and are used to measure progress rather than for ranking.

Exposure Score: 27

The exposure score reflects the level of environmental exposure in Lesotho, indicating a relatively low risk compared to the global average.

Health Score: 44

The health score indicates the impact of environmental factors on public health in Lesotho, suggesting moderate health concerns.

Policy Score: 31

The policy score highlights the effectiveness of environmental policies in Lesotho, indicating room for improvement.

Main Topics and Key Information

1. Biodiversity

Extent of the problem: Lesotho has protected less than 1% of its terrestrial and marine areas, falling short of the global target of conserving 30% by 2030.
Health impact: Insufficient data is available to assess the health impact of biodiversity loss.
Policies: Lesotho has not submitted a post-COP15 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.

2. Chemicals

Extent of the problem: The mean blood lead level in children under 5 years is 10 μg/dL, which is above the WHO recommended level.
Health impact: Poisoning deaths in children under five are 5 per 100,000, which is higher than regional values.
Policies: Lesotho is a party to the Minamata Convention on Mercury but does not have legal limits on lead paint or a poison centre.

3. Radiation

Extent of the problem: The International Health Regulations (IHR) capacity score for radiation emergencies is 720% (out of 100%).
Health impact: Lesotho has 1 death per 100,000 people from melanoma and other skin cancers, and 1 death per 100,000 people from residential radon.
Policies: There are no standards on electromagnetic fields, no regulations on artificial tanning devices, and no national radon regulations for dwellings.

References and Data Sources

The scorecard is based on data from the following sources:

Air Pollution

WHO global air quality guidelines 2021
WHO SDG Indicator 11.6.2, 2019 data
WHO household air pollution data, 2022
WHO Air pollution data portal: health impact data for 2019
UNEP 2021: Regulating air quality
WHO Household energy policy repository, updated 2024

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

WHO, UNICEF: Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, 2022 data
WHO water, sanitation and hygiene: burden of disease, 2019 data
WHO GLAAS 2021/2022 cycle

Climate Change

IEA 2023: Share of modern renewables
WHO Health and Climate Change Country Profiles
Honda et al. 2014: Projections for 2050
Kendrovski et al. 2017: Projections for 2050
WHO Health and Climate Change Global Survey, 2021
WHO: Alliance for Transformative Action on Climate and Health (ATACH): Country Commitments, 2024 update
WHO 2023: Review of health in nationally determined contributions

Biodiversity

World Bank Group, Terrestrial and marine protected areas, 2022 data
World Population Review 2024: Deforestation rates
FAO 2020: Global Forest Resources Assessment
CBD Online Reporting Tool 2024, updated 31 December 2024

Chemicals

IHME: Lead exposure estimates, 2023 data
WHO: International Health Regulations core capacity scores, 2023 data
WHO: Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisonings, 2021 data
WHO: Legally binding controls for lead paint, updated 2024
WHO: World directory of poisons centres, updated 2024
UNEP: Minamata Convention on Mercury, 2024 data

Radiation

WHO: International Health Regulations core capacity scores, 2023 data
WHO: Deaths from melanoma and other skin cancers, 2021 data
IHME: Deaths from residential radon, 2021 data
WHO: Electromagnetic fields, updated 2018
WHO: Sunbeds: Existence of national regulations, updated 2021
WHO: Existence of national radon regulations, 2019 data

Occupational Health

ILOSTAT: Statistics on the informal economy, updated 2024
WHO: Disease burden from long working hours, 2016 data
WHO/IL0: Joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury, 2016 data
Pega et al. 2023
WHO: Occupational Burden of Disease Application
WHO: Existence of national policy instruments for occupational health and safety, 2023 data
ILO ratifications of: C155, C161, and C187, updated 2024