2014年-世界发展银行全球_Forced_Displacement_of_and_Potential_Solutions_for_IDPS_and_Refugees_in_the_Sahel___Burkina_Faso_Chad_Mali_Mauritania_and_Niger_47页_2mb

Summary of the Global Program on Forced Displacement in the Sahel

Core Content

The Global Program on Forced Displacement (GPFD) conducted a scoping study in 2013 to explore the current situations, context, causes, and potential solutions for internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees in the Sahel region, including Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger. The study highlights the long-term nature of displacement in the region and the need for a development-based approach to address it effectively.

Main Points

1.1 Current Displacement Situation

• Approximately 1.1 million people are forcibly displaced in the Sahel due to conflict.
• Refugees account for two-thirds of the displaced population, while IDPs make up the remaining one-third.
• 70% of displaced persons have no prospects for sustainable return.
• Some displaced individuals have been living away from their places of origin for over 20 years.
• The impact of displacement extends beyond the displaced to host communities and returnees, who are also at risk of impoverishment and social tensions.

2.1 Context and Causes of Displacement

• Forced displacement is not isolated from traditional population movement patterns, such as transhumance.
• Drivers of displacement include:
  • Environmental factors: Droughts, floods, and climate change impact livelihoods and resource access.
  • Economic and social factors: Marginalization, competition for resources, and ethnic tensions.
  • Governance issues: Weak institutions, poor service delivery, and lack of security.
  • Conflict: Armed violence and extremist groups (e.g., Boko Haram, Tuareg rebels) have disrupted livelihoods and migration routes.

3.1 Durable Solution Prospects

• Return is a key durable solution, but only 30% of displaced persons have realistic prospects of returning.
• Challenges to return include:
  • Security concerns in areas of origin.
  • Loss of livelihoods, particularly livestock and agricultural assets.
  • Ethnic tensions and social fragmentation.
  • Depletion of services in host and return communities.
  • Lack of governance and rule of law in affected areas.

4.1 Recommendations

• A regional approach is essential for addressing cross-border displacement and shared development challenges.
• The ECOWAS framework offers a unique opportunity to coordinate efforts and promote integration.
• Development-sensitive interventions should be designed to:
  • Integrate displaced populations into strategic development initiatives.
  • Strengthen livelihoods and resilience.
  • Support host and return communities with infrastructure and services.
  • Promote employment and skills development for urban displaced.
  • Enhance governance and social cohesion.
  • Leverage technology to improve access to information and service delivery.

Key Information

• Regional cooperation is crucial due to the cross-border nature of displacement and the shared challenges faced by displaced persons and host communities.
• ECOWAS plays a vital role in facilitating movement and residence rights for displaced populations.
• Development responses are more effective in addressing long-term challenges than short-term humanitarian aid, which often leads to dependency.
• Livelihoods are a central issue, with pastoralists and agriculturalists facing different constraints and opportunities.
• Host communities are under increased pressure due to population influx, leading to tensions and resource competition.
• Ethnic and social divisions are exacerbated by displacement, increasing the risk of conflict escalation.

Conclusion

The study underscores that forced displacement in the Sahel is a complex and protracted challenge that requires strategic, development-oriented responses. A regional policy framework, supported by country-specific actions, is necessary to ensure sustainable solutions, integration, and stability in the region. The World Bank and UNHCR are key players in this process, with the aim of coordinating efforts and leveraging development investments to address the root causes of displacement and support recovery.