2024-02-28-世界银行-重新利用煤矿用地实现公正过渡_方法_融资选择和治理解决方案（英）_94页_6mb

Summary of Repurposing Coal Mining Lands for a Just Transition: Methods, Financing Options, and Governance Solutions

Core Content

This document explores the concept of repurposing coal mining lands as part of a just transition for communities affected by coal industry decline. It emphasizes the need to move beyond traditional remediation approaches and focus on sustainable land use and economic diversification. The World Bank's Extractives Unit has developed a comprehensive methodology, financing models, and governance structures to support this transition.

Main Views

• Just Transition for All is not only about labor support but also about responsible land use and environmental remediation.
• Brownfields—abandoned or underused coal mining sites—pose environmental and economic risks, including acid drainage, toxic leaks, and methane emissions.
• The Land Repurposing Methodology (LRM) is a structured approach to assess and plan for post-mining land use, involving spatial planning, risk assessment, and stakeholder engagement.
• A cloud-based GIS tool (LURA) supports the LRM by providing objective assessments and visualizing optimized land use scenarios.
• Financing is a critical challenge, requiring public and private collaboration and innovative financial instruments like social bonds, just transition bonds, and income strips.
• Governance structures, such as Special Purpose Entities (SPEs), are essential for managing repurposing projects and aligning local and regional strategies.

Key Information

Land Repurposing Methodology (LRM)

• LRM is based on five themes: morphology, hydrography, geotechnical risks, socio-economic factors, and land value.
• It includes a five-step process for assessing and planning post-mining land use:
  1. Stocktaking and Site Inventory – Collect data on land use, topography, and environmental conditions.
  2. Clarification of Legal, Regulatory, and Permitting Situation – Engage stakeholders and define requirements for feasibility studies and permits.
  3. Site Investigation and Monitoring – Conduct detailed investigations and monitoring as needed.
  4. Land Classification Methodology – Categorize land parcels based on their potential for post-transition use.
  5. Repurposing Strategies – Formulate strategies using the results of earlier steps and integrate with spatial planning instruments.

Financing Options

• Government Finance: Includes grants, subsidies, and environmental funds.
• Private Finance: Involves commercial banks, private investors, and corporate funding.
• Hybrid Models: Combine public and private funding, such as Just Transition Bonds and Income Strips.
• Non-Government Finance: Utilizes multilateral development banks (MDBs), concessional finance, and philanthropic funding.
• Social Bonds and Sustainable Bonds: Provide financing for remediation and social costs when land is not suitable for repurposing.

Governance Solutions

• Special Purpose Entities (SPEs) are recommended for managing repurposing projects.
• SPEs enable collaboration between public and private actors, secure external funding, and facilitate stakeholder engagement.
• Governance must be tailored to the project context and include legal and financial incentives to support the transition.

Case Studies

1. Harworth Group (UK):

   • A leading regeneration company repurposing 14,000 acres across 100 sites.
   • Focus on community engagement, master planning, and land value capture.
   • Demonstrates the importance of early stakeholder involvement and long-term planning.

2. RAG Foundation (Germany):

   • A foundation addressing perpetual liabilities from coal mining.
   • Emphasizes collaboration with local and regional governments.
   • Highlights the role of foundations in financing and managing legacy liabilities.

3. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (US):

   • A public utility focused on reclamation and repurposing.
   • Repurposes sites into productive assets such as renewable energy installations.
   • Shows the value of public-private partnerships and economic diversification.

Lessons for the Future

• Early community engagement is crucial for building trust and ensuring social acceptance.
• Land use potential must be assessed realistically to identify viable repurposing projects.
• Public-private collaboration is necessary to mobilize both funding and investment.
• Dedicated governance structures like SPEs are essential for effective project management.
• Outright land sales can diminish long-term gains for municipalities and should be avoided.
• A consistent and transparent methodology helps build confidence among stakeholders and investors.

Conclusion

Repurposing coal mining lands is a multi-dimensional challenge that requires strategic planning, innovative financing, and robust governance. The just transition must be viewed not only as a social process but also as an opportunity for sustainable development. The World Bank advocates for upstream planning, collaboration, and systematic assessment to ensure that former mining sites are transformed into productive assets that support economic diversification and community well-being.