2017年-世界发展银行全球_Modernization_of_Hydrological_Services_in_Japan_and_Lessons_for_Developing_Countries_66页_2mb

Summary of Hydrological Services Modernization in Japan and Lessons for Developing Countries

Core Content

Japan has developed a comprehensive and integrated system for hydrological services and river management, which has played a crucial role in disaster risk management (DRM). This system has evolved over time in response to socioeconomic changes, large disasters, and technological advancements, and has been institutionalized under the revised River Law of 1964. The country's approach emphasizes the need for holistic disaster management, institutional integration, and user-driven development of hydrological services.

Main Points

1. Integrated River Basin Management

• Overview: River and basin management involves disaster management, water use, and environmental conservation, requiring the coordination of multiple stakeholders with varying needs.
• Approach: Integrated river basin management ensures balanced safety and considers all relevant perspectives, including those of upstream and downstream populations.
• Institutionalization: The revised River Law of 1964 institutionalized the concept of integrated river basin management, allowing central management by river authorities.

2. Hydrological Services and Technology

• Real-time Monitoring: Japan collects and analyzes real-time hydrological data to manage water resources and mitigate disasters.
• Technological Advancements: Radar systems, including C-band and X-band MP radars, and satellite-based SAR technology have significantly improved hydrological observation and forecasting.
• Data Utilization: The data are used for flood forecasting, structural management, and emergency response, and are shared with various organizations, including local governments, media, and infrastructure operators.

3. Evolution of Disaster Risk Management

• Historical Development: Japan's DRM has evolved from localized and reactive measures to integrated and proactive strategies.
• Key Shifts:
  • From individual/areal disaster prevention to integrated disaster prevention.
  • From disaster prevention without considering inundation to with consideration of inundation.
  • From prevention based on past events to prevention considering floods exceeding designed floods.
• Legislation: The Disaster Countermeasure Basic Act of 1961 and the Specified Multipurpose Dam Act of 1957 were pivotal in structuring DRM and hydrological services.

4. Organizational Structure and Collaboration

• Government Agencies: The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) and prefectural governments are central to river management.
• Role of JMA: The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) provides meteorological data and forecasts, which are integrated with hydrological data.
• Public-Private Partnership: The Foundation of River & Basin Integrated Communications (FRICS) was established with government and private sector funding to provide hydrological information.
• Mass Media: TV stations and other media play a vital role in disseminating disaster-related information to the public.

5. Lessons for Developing Countries

• Holistic Approach: Disaster management should be approached holistically, with effective cooperation among all relevant facilities.
• Realistic Vision and Planning: Future plans should be realistic and consider the current capacity of hydrological services.
• Uncertainty Communication: Flood forecasts should communicate uncertainties effectively to ensure informed decision-making.
• User-Centric Development: Hydrological services should be developed based on user needs, ensuring that information is relevant and accessible.
• Institutional Integration: Hydrological services and river management should be institutionally integrated to ensure coherent and effective management.
• Long-term Support: Sustained support is essential for the long-term operation and maintenance of modernized hydrological systems.

Key Information

• Hydrological Data Flow: Hydrological data is collected by river management authorities and JMA, and is used for flood forecasting, structural operations, and emergency response.
• Observation Networks: Japan has established extensive observation networks, including C-band and X-band radars, telemetric rain gauges, and water level monitoring stations.
• Collaboration: Close collaboration between river management authorities, local governments, and emergency services is crucial for effective disaster response.
• International Cooperation: Japan's experience in hydrological service modernization has been applied in projects such as the 2011 floods in Thailand, with lessons emphasizing the importance of integrated systems and user needs.

Conclusion

Japan's modernization of hydrological services has been driven by the need for integrated river basin management and advanced DRM. The system includes real-time data collection, institutional collaboration, and user-centric approaches. These lessons are valuable for developing countries seeking to improve their hydrological services and disaster management capabilities.