世界发展银行-Pancakes-to-Pyramids---City-Form-to-Promote-Sustainable-Growth_154页_17mb

Summary of "Pancakes to Pyramids: City Form to Promote Sustainable Growth"

Core Content

This report, Pancakes to Pyramids: City Form to Promote Sustainable Growth, explores the relationship between a city's economic development and its spatial structure. It presents a new theoretical and empirical framework to understand how cities grow and how policy can guide this growth toward sustainability and inclusivity.

Main Points

• Urban Growth Patterns: Cities grow in three ways—horizontal spread, infill development, and vertical layering. The report argues that the conventional belief that urban expansion is primarily horizontal is flawed.
• City Form and Economic Development: There is a dynamic, two-way relationship between a city's economy and its physical form. Economic growth can drive spatial expansion, and spatial development can enhance economic performance.
• Pancake vs. Pyramid Cities: Pancake cities expand outward and remain low-rise, while pyramid cities grow both outward and upward, increasing economic and residential densities. Pyramid growth is more sustainable and efficient.
• Sustainable Densities: Sustainable urban densities are not just about population density but also about per capita floor space. Vertical growth is more effective in accommodating growing populations without overcrowding.
• Role of Income: Income is a key driver of vertical layering and pyramidal growth. Higher incomes enable more capital-intensive development and support the construction of taller buildings.
• Land Markets and Regulations: Dysfunctional land markets, restrictive zoning, and building regulations can hinder vertical growth and economic density. Reforming these systems is essential for sustainable urban development.
• Transport Technology: Advances in transport technology enable economic concentration in urban cores, supporting both spatial and economic growth. Efficient transport systems reduce commuting costs and improve urban livability.
• Policy Implications: The report outlines several policy recommendations to guide sustainable urban growth, including land market reforms, urban planning, and infrastructure investment.

Key Information

• Data Sources: The report uses data from the Global Human Settlement Built-Up Area Grid (GHS-BUILT) and the Global Human Settlement Urban Center Database (GHS-UCDB), covering almost 10,000 cities from 1990 to 2015.
• Modeling Approach: A new urban model is developed to predict and analyze urban spatial evolution, incorporating economic, institutional, and technological factors.
• Case Studies: The report includes case studies on cities like Dhaka, where the model is used to estimate the impacts of policy changes on urban development.
• Policy Recommendations:
  • Reform land markets and clarify land and property rights.
  • Strengthen urban land use planning.
  • Manage land valuation and prices.
  • Coordinate infrastructure investments, land use plans, and zoning regulations.
  • Mobilize urban revenue through land value capture and public-private partnerships (PPPs).
  • Borrow from capital markets if the city's creditworthiness allows.
  • Fix the fundamentals—fiscal, economic, and institutional—to support urban finance.

Five Stylized Facts

1. Global Urban Growth is Not as Large as Thought: Urban built-up area growth is slower than conventional wisdom suggests.
2. Horizontal Expansion Dominates in Developing Countries: Spatial expansion in developing cities is mainly through horizontal spread.
3. Income Drives Vertical Layering: Increasing incomes are the key driver of vertical growth due to the capital intensity of building tall.
4. Regulatory and Market Constraints Hinder Growth: Dysfunctional land markets and restrictive regulations can prevent the development of taller structures and economic density.
5. Transport Innovations Support Growth: Improved transport technology enables economic concentration in urban cores and increases demand for livable residential space.

Spotlight Highlights

• Urban Economic Development Stages: Cities' average building heights and skylines reflect their stages of economic development.
• Disruptive Technologies and the Future of Cities: Technological advancements are reshaping urban form and function.
• Urban Form and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Urban density can reduce per capita greenhouse gas emissions, but this effect varies by income level.

Conclusion

The report emphasizes the importance of understanding the forces that shape urban growth and the need for policy interventions that support sustainable and inclusive development. It advocates for a shift from viewing cities as state constructs to recognizing them as market-driven entities. By promoting vertical growth and improving urban planning and infrastructure, cities can become more livable, efficient, and environmentally sustainable.

Authors and Support

• Authors: Somik Lall, Mathilde Lebrand, Hogeun Park, Daniel Sturm, and Anthony Venables.
• Supported by: The World Bank, Swiss Confederation, and the Global Platform for Sustainable Cities.
• In Partnership With: SURGE (Sustainable Urban and Regional Development).

Rights and Permissions

The report is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license. Users must cite the report properly and include disclaimers when translating or adapting it. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of all data and does not assume liability for third-party content.

Appendices and References

• Annex 1: Income elasticity of population density.
• Annex 2: Data and methodological details, including the use of satellite imaging and various datasets.
• Works Cited: Includes references to key studies and reports on urban development and economic geography.

This report is a crucial resource for city leaders and policymakers aiming to guide urban growth toward sustainability and resilience.