20030930-IEA-Energy_Policies_of_IEA_Countries_Italy_2003_158页_1mb

报告摘要

Italy's energy policy focuses on market liberalization, decentralization, supply diversification, efficiency improvements, and environmental protection.
Key progress includes implementation of electricity and gas market reforms, restructuring of the energy industry (e.g., partial privatization of ENEL and Eni), and ratification of the Kyoto Protocol.

Dependence on Imports: Italy relies heavily on imported oil and gas, with oil representing 51% and gas 34% of total primary energy supply (TPES) in 2000. TPES dependency is 89% (net imports).
Energy Sources Shift: Gradual shift from oil to gas, with limited growth in renewables (5.4% of TPES) and nuclear (abandoned in 1987).
Challenges: High energy costs due to taxes and inefficient infrastructure; vulnerability to supply disruptions given heavy reliance on imports from limited sources.

Market Liberalization: EC directives transposed into law; unbundling of transmission and distribution in electricity and gas; electricity market opening progressed to 70%.
Decentralization: Powers transferred to regional authorities, creating challenges for infrastructure projects and coordination.
Environmental Policy: Adoption of the Kyoto Protocol; revised national action plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 6.5% (baseline 1990) by 2008–12.

Liberalization: Sblocca Centrali streamlined procedures for new power plants; Energy Authority promotes competition while maintaining market oversight.
Investment Hurdles: Local opposition ("NIMBY" problem) and bureaucratic delays slow infrastructure expansion.
Transmission/Distribution: Legal unbundling advanced; interconnection limited by regional opposition and insufficient capacity.

Italy has one of the lowest energy intensities among IEA members but faces challenges maintaining this due to structural factors and market liberalization.
Policies include energy-saving obligations for distributors and promotion of efficient technologies, though implementation has faced delays.

Italy increased renewable use (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass), but has not met targets; lacks sufficient investment in renewables further.
Transition to tradable green certificates and renewable obligations created opportunities but also complicated decision-making.

Strengthen national energy strategy, enhance energy diversification (particularly electricity), coordinate regional and national policies.
Streamline authorization processes for infrastructure projects; encourage private investment and transparency in energy markets.
Accelerate renewable energy deployment, improve energy efficiency, and maintain independent regulatory bodies.
Enhance international co-operation to secure energy supplies and manage climate change.

While navigating liberalization, diversification, and environmental commitments, Italy faces challenges balancing multiple priorities. Further policy integration and investment are needed to meet long-term energy and environmental goals effectively.

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