美中经济与安全审查委员会2020年度报告（英）-美国国会-2020.12-587页_8mb

2020 U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Annual Report Summary

Core Content

The 2020 Annual Report by the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission provides an in-depth analysis of the evolving U.S.-China relationship, focusing on economic, security, and geopolitical aspects. The report highlights the strategic competition between the two nations and the implications of China's growing influence on the global stage.

Main Points

U.S.-China Global Competition

• Strategic Competition: China is engaged in a global contest with the United States to become the dominant global power. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) views U.S. liberal democratic values as a threat to its domestic rule and a barrier to its global ambitions.
• Intensification under Xi Jinping: Since 2012, China's strategic competition with the U.S. has intensified, especially in economic and technological domains.
• Economic Strategy: China's economic development strategy aims to surpass the U.S. by promoting domestic production and innovation through industrial plans like "Made in China 2025." This includes developing a digital ecosystem and associated regulatory architecture.
• Military Strategy: The People's Liberation Army (PLA) views the U.S. military as its primary adversary and has been working to close the capability gap since the mid-1990s. It is investing in cyber, space, and long-range precision-strike capabilities to challenge U.S. military dominance.
• Implications for the U.S.: If China continues to achieve its strategic goals, it could hinder U.S. economic and technological progress, embolden global autocrats, and impede U.S. military support to allies in the Indo-Pacific.

The China Model

• Alternative Global Order: The CCP seeks to reshape the international order to align with its authoritarian governance model, promoting the idea that power, not liberal democracy, is the basis of political authority.
• Influence through Institutions: China is using its growing power to coopt multilateral institutions and promote its model, often excluding the U.S. and European powers.
• Technical Standards: China is attempting to dominate international standardization bodies and export its technical standards, which could undermine the U.S. technological ecosystem.
• Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): The BRI serves as a testbed for a Sinocentric world order, with informal agreements and bilateral deals allowing China to exert influence over partner countries.

China's Strategic Aims in Africa

• Africa as a Testing Ground: China views Africa as a critical region for testing and exporting its governance and economic model.
• Political and Economic Influence: China uses its influence in Africa to gain access to natural resources, open markets, and secure political support for its global objectives.
• Economic Dependency: China's increasing control over African commodities threatens U.S. access to critical inputs for emerging technologies.
• Infrastructure Financing: China is Africa's largest bilateral creditor and plays a key role in infrastructure development, though its opaque financing and onerous terms raise concerns about exploitation and debt dependency.
• Security Engagement: China employs a multidimensional approach to security, using private military contractors and African partners to protect its investments. It has established a permanent military base in Djibouti, which enhances its strategic presence in the region.

Key Recommendations

The Commission made 19 recommendations for congressional consideration, with ten identified as the most important. These include:

• Strengthening U.S. economic and technological competitiveness through targeted investments and innovation support.
• Enhancing U.S. diplomatic engagement with African nations to counter China's influence.
• Increasing scrutiny of China's financial practices and their implications for global stability.
• Improving transparency and accountability in China's infrastructure financing.
• Expanding U.S. efforts to promote liberal democratic values and international norms.
• Supporting U.S. companies in China's market and protecting intellectual property rights.
• Enhancing cybersecurity measures to counter China's growing cyber capabilities.
• Monitoring China's influence in international organizations and promoting U.S. participation.
• Encouraging U.S. allies to adopt a unified approach in addressing China's strategic challenges.
• Promoting a strong and consistent U.S. policy on Taiwan and Hong Kong to safeguard national interests and regional stability.

Key Information

• The Commission was established in 2000 and has been conducting annual reports since then.
• In 2020, the Commission held seven public hearings with 62 expert witnesses and relied heavily on virtual discussions due to the pandemic.
• The report includes both unclassified and classified annexes, with the latter containing sensitive information.
• The report emphasizes the need for a coordinated and proactive U.S. response to China's growing influence and strategic ambitions.

Structure

• Introduction: Overview of the Commission's role and mission.
• Chapter 1: U.S.-China Global Competition.
• Chapter 2: U.S.-China Economic and Trade Relations.
• Chapter 3: U.S.-China Security, Politics, and Foreign Affairs.
• Chapter 4: Taiwan.
• Chapter 5: Hong Kong.
• Appendices: Charter, Background of Commissioners, Public Hearings, Research Material, Conflict of Interest Disclosures, and Acronyms.

This report serves as a critical resource for understanding the complex dynamics of U.S.-China relations and offers actionable recommendations for congressional action to address the challenges posed by China's global ambitions.