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Summary of the Solid Waste Management Sector in Pakistan: A Reform Road Map for Policy Makers

Core Content

This document presents a comprehensive reform road map for the solid waste management (SWM) sector in Pakistan, aimed at improving environmental sustainability, public health, and climate resilience. It is developed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) as part of its Climate Change Operational Framework 2017–2030 and serves as an input to Pakistan’s updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

Main Objectives

• To reduce the negative environmental, economic, and social impacts of waste mismanagement.
• To minimize waste generation and maximize resource efficiency across the product life cycle.
• To promote synergy among local, provincial, and national efforts in implementing waste management goals and aligning them with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and NDC targets.

Current Waste Management Situation

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

• Pakistan generates approximately 30 million metric tons of MSW annually.
• 50% of this waste is collected, but the rate varies significantly:
  • 80% in large cities.
  • 20–70% in medium and small cities.
  • Minimal in rural areas.
• Waste is typically landfilled or burned in uncontrolled sites, leading to environmental and health hazards.
• Table 1 provides estimates of waste generation, treatment, and disposal across different settlement types.

Waste Composition

• Household waste is the primary component, with green kitchen waste making up the largest share.
• Other significant waste fractions include paper, plastic, textile, dry grass and wood, and miscellaneous waste.
• Table 2 shows the percentage composition of waste in various cities.

Industrial Waste

• Includes waste from construction, manufacturing, agriculture, and other sectors.
• Distinguishes between scrap (recyclable materials) and solid waste (non-recyclable).

Electronic Waste (E-Waste)

• E-waste in Pakistan amounts to 1.68 kg per capita per year, or about 2% of total MSW.
• Less than 2% of e-waste is reused; the rest is informally recycled, often by vulnerable groups like women and children, without safety measures.
• Formal recycling sites are needed to protect workers and the environment.

Healthcare Waste

• Hospital waste is generated at a rate of 0.667 kg per bed per day.
• 10–25% of this waste is infectious and hazardous.
• Currently, hazardous waste is often mixed with general waste, increasing the risk of contamination.
• Regulated by the Hospital Waste Management Rules, 2005.

Waste Management Hierarchy

The road map outlines the waste hierarchy, which prioritizes waste prevention, reuse, recycling, recovery, and disposal. It emphasizes the importance of moving toward a circular economy, where waste is minimized and resources are reused efficiently.

Key Stages in the Waste Hierarchy

Key Considerations

• Basic waste collection and disposal services must be ensured, with full coverage in urban areas and substantial coverage in rural areas.
• Environmental practices at disposal sites should be sound.
• Accurate data collection on waste generation and composition is essential for effective planning and GHG emission calculations.
• Institutional frameworks and legislation need to be developed and enforced.
• Economic instruments and incentives should be introduced to promote efficient waste management practices.
• Formal waste recovery systems and capacity building are crucial for sustainable development.

Steps for Developing the Road Map

1. Assess the current waste collection and disposal situation in Pakistan.
2. Establish an institutional framework for an effective SWM system.
3. Set responsibilities for enforcement at national and local levels.
4. Implement incentives linked to key performance indicators (KPIs).
5. Form a steering committee to oversee progress, discuss waste reduction strategies, and increase recycling rates.
6. Improve data collection to better quantify GHG emissions and support policy decisions.

Waste and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions

• The waste sector contributes significantly to GHG emissions, estimated at 22 metric tons of CO₂e in 2018.
• Emissions are expected to rise due to social and economic pressures.
• A more accurate estimation of historical and projected GHG emissions is needed to develop effective mitigation strategies.
• Recycling and waste-to-energy technologies are costly but necessary to meet climate goals.
• Landfilling is not a sustainable option, and properly engineered sites are recommended.

Capacity Building and Financing

• Capacity building is essential for the implementation of the road map, including training and institutional development.
• Financing will be a major challenge, requiring investment in infrastructure, technology, and human resources.
• Innovative financing mechanisms and international support are recommended to fund the transition to a sustainable waste management system.

Conclusion

The road map outlines a strategic approach to reforming Pakistan’s solid waste management sector. It emphasizes the need for policy coherence, institutional development, data accuracy, and financial support. A gradual and phased implementation is recommended to achieve long-term sustainability and reduce the environmental and health costs of current practices. The ultimate goal is to align the sector with the Paris Agreement, NDC targets, and global sustainability goals.

Appendix

• Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) template is provided for collaboration between ADB and local stakeholders.

References

• Mihai and Grozavu (2019)
• Tchobanoglous and Kreith (2002)
• Iqbal et al. (2015)
• Hashmi and Varma (2019)
• Ali, Wang, and Chaudhry (2016)
• European Commission (n.d.)
• World Bank (2018)
• Kaza et al. (2018)