2001年-世界发展银行全球_Development_of_a_Regional_Power_Market_in_the_Greater_Mekong_Sub-Region___Compatibility_of_Regulatory_Systems_and_Pricing_Principles_44页_1mb

Summary of ESMAP Technical Paper: Development of a Regional Power Market in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region (GMS)

Core Content

This ESMAP technical paper provides an analysis of the current and planned power sector reforms in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region (GMS), focusing on institutional and regulatory structures, pricing principles, and potential constraints to power trade. The study was conducted in 2001 and aimed to support the Expert's Group on Power Interconnection and Trade (EGP) in developing a regional power market framework.

Main Countries and Their Power Sector Reforms

Cambodia

• Current Situation:
  • Electricite du Cambodge (EDC) is the dominant player, serving major cities and some provincial towns.
  • EDC generates 100 MW and purchases 52 MW from IPPs.
  • No transmission grid exists.
• Near-term Plan:
  • Further unbundling of generation and distribution.
  • Two new IPPs (72 MW) planned, focusing on hydro and imported fuel.
  • Transmission line planned to facilitate purchases from Vietnam and IPPs.
  • Public-private joint venture in the West to purchase electricity from Thailand and transmit to EDC.

Lao PDR

• Current Situation:
  • Electricite du Laos (EdL) is a vertically integrated state monopoly.
  • EdL has 261 MW of generating capacity and manages 360 MW of IPPs (predominantly exporting to Thailand).
  • Transmission is limited to 115 and 230 kV lines for Thailand exports.
• Near-term Plan:
  • Expansion under similar structure.
  • Nam Theun 2 hydro project (900+ MW) with a 500 kV transmission line (privately constructed).

Myanmar

• Current Situation:
  • Myanmar Electric Power Enterprise (MEPE) is a state-owned vertically integrated utility.
  • Installed capacity is 1167 MW, including 134 MW isolated systems.
  • Transmission grid includes 230 kV (1086 km) and 115 kV (1675 km).
• Near-term Plan:
  • No reform or restructuring program currently planned.

Thailand

• Current Situation:
  • Three government-owned utilities: EGAT (bulk supply), MEA (Bangkok distribution), PEA (provincial supply).
  • EGAT is the single-buyer of electricity from IPPs, SPPs, and neighboring countries.
  • SPPs can sell directly to large users.
  • Transmission grid includes 500 kV (2243 km), 230 kV (11,034 km), and 115 kV (13,096 km).
• Near-term Plan:
  • Stage I (1998–2001): EGAT continues to own generation and operate as a single-buyer.
  • Stage II (2001–2003): Generating companies separate from EGAT; EGAT-T operates transmission.
  • Stage III (2003 and after): Independent System Operator (ISO) established for power pool; regulated transmission company created; hydro plants separated; multiple distribution companies formed.

Vietnam

• Current Situation:
  • Electricity of Vietnam (EVN) is a state holding company managing generation and transmission.
  • Five subsidiary distribution companies operate independently but report to EVN.
• Near-term Plan:
  • Electricity law being drafted to increase private sector participation.
  • Generators may be allowed to sell directly to large customers.
  • Transmission may be separated and regulated.

Yunnan Province (China)

• Current Situation:
  • Yunnan Electric Power Group (YEPG) is a vertically integrated utility, a subsidiary of the State Power Corporation of China.
  • Installed capacity is 3781 MW (17 plants), with 1060 MW from IPPs (all state-owned) and 2517 MW from local power companies (mostly small hydro).
  • Transmission is mainly owned and operated by YEPG.
• Near-term Plan:
  • Vertical and horizontal restructuring of the power sector.
  • Additional IPP generation of 2040 MW by 2005.
  • 500 kV interconnection to the south China power grid (2001).

Key Issues Affecting Power Trade

1. Compatibility of Structures

• Power sector reform in most GMS countries is a gradual process involving:
  • Introducing competition through independent power producers (IPPs).
  • Establishing a single-buyer model.
  • Implementing open access to the transmission system ("wheeling").
  • Creating national and regional power pools or wholesale markets.
• Most countries still have vertically integrated monopolies, with the exception of Cambodia, where the presence of many isolated systems has led to a de facto unbundling.

2. Regulatory Systems

• No country in the GMS has a truly independent regulator.
• Regulatory decisions often become political.
• Lao PDR and Thailand are committed to open transmission access.
• Cambodia and Thailand expect to have independent regulators in place.

3. Third-Party Access (Wheeling)

• Third-party access is crucial for enabling cross-border power trade.
• Only Lao PDR has open access to the transmission network as national policy.
• In Thailand, SPPs are allowed to sell directly to large users, bypassing the single-buyer model.
• Wheeling is still not fully implemented in most countries.

4. Pricing Principles

• Transparent pricing systems are essential for efficient cross-border trade.
• Current pricing practices vary, and there is a need for harmonization.
• Tariff principles are being developed, with a focus on fair and transparent pricing for both production and transmission.

Conclusion

The GMS countries are at different stages of power sector reform. While some have made significant progress in unbundling and introducing competition, others remain in the early stages of reform. The development of a regional power market requires greater coordination, compatibility of regulatory and commercial systems, and the implementation of open access and transparent pricing. The paper highlights the need for a more integrated and efficient approach to power trade in the region, supported by harmonized policies and institutional frameworks.