2014年-世界发展银行全球_Russian_Federation_Gender_Assessment_239页_3mb

Russian Federation Gender Assessment Summary (February 2014)

Core Content

This report provides a comprehensive assessment of gender equality in the Russian Federation, focusing on key areas such as education, labor market participation, and health outcomes. It highlights the persistence of gender gaps despite improvements in education and female labor force participation.

Main Messages

• Education: Women outperform men in reading, and more young women complete post-secondary education than young men. However, this educational advantage does not translate into better labor market outcomes.
• Labor Market: Female labor force participation is high, but women earn significantly less than men, with a raw gender wage gap of 26% in 2010. Women are also more likely to work in "female industries and occupations" which are underpaid.
• Health: Men's life expectancy is still significantly lower than women's, with a 12-year gap. High male mortality is linked to external causes such as alcoholism and suicide, which are more prevalent among men.
• Social Norms: Traditional gender roles persist, with women predominantly responsible for childcare and caregiving. These norms contribute to occupational segregation and limit women's economic opportunities.
• Policy and Institutional Factors: The Russian Federation has not seen significant progress in reducing gender inequalities, indicating the need for targeted policy interventions and institutional reforms.

Key Findings

Education and Employment

• Women have higher educational attainment than men, with more young women completing post-secondary education.
• Girls outperform boys in reading, and perform as well as them in math and science.
• Female labor force participation is above the average for Europe and Central Asia and OECD countries.
• However, women face significant wage gaps and occupational segregation, which limit their economic opportunities and upward mobility.

Gender Pay Gap

• The gender pay gap in Russia remains high, at 27% in 1995 and 31% in 2010.
• Women are concentrated in less productive occupations and face barriers to career advancement.
• At the lower end of the wage distribution, lack of skills is the main determinant of the wage gap.
• For higher income earners, women are often overqualified but still unable to access higher-paying jobs.

Adult Mortality

• Male mortality remains a critical issue, with men dying at a rate more than twice that of women.
• Adult male mortality has decreased slightly over the years but remains high, particularly in middle age.
• The main causes of male mortality include cardiovascular diseases and alcohol-related injuries.
• Social norms and gender roles play a significant role in shaping men's risk-taking behaviors, including heavy alcohol consumption and suicide.

Social Norms and Care Responsibilities

• Women are still the primary caregivers for children and the elderly.
• Only a third of mothers use childcare services, and less than half of mothers with children under six use services for the youngest child.
• Social norms reinforce traditional gender roles, limiting women's opportunities and men's engagement in risky behaviors.

Policy and Institutional Context

• The Russian Federation has a tradition of equality inherited from the Soviet era, but this has not translated into significant changes in gender gaps.
• There is a need to increase women's participation in decision-making positions to influence policy and improve gender equality.
• The share of women in the Federation Council has declined, while it has slightly increased in the State Duma.
• The lack of reliable data on domestic violence and other gender-related issues hampers effective policy action.

Conclusion

• Higher gender equality can contribute to economic development through increased productivity, better institutions, and improved welfare for future generations.
• Understanding the root causes of persistent gender inequalities is essential for designing effective policies.
• The report emphasizes the importance of addressing social norms, improving labor market opportunities, and enhancing data collection to achieve more equitable societies.