2023-12-28-世界卫生组织-2023年世界卫生统计报告_136页_19mb

Summary of World Health Statistics 2023

Core Content

The World Health Statistics 2023 report, published by the World Health Organization (WHO), provides a comprehensive overview of global health trends and progress toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW 13). It highlights key global health indicators, challenges, and successes, emphasizing the need for accelerated action to meet the 2030 targets.

Main Viewpoints

• Global health progress: The world has made significant strides in improving population health, particularly in reducing child and maternal mortality, controlling infectious diseases, and increasing life expectancy.
• Stagnation post-2015: Progress on many health indicators has slowed since 2015, which threatens the timely achievement of SDG targets.
• Impact of the pandemic: The COVID-19 pandemic caused a major setback, resulting in 14.9 million excess deaths and 336.8 million years of life lost between 2020 and 2021. It also disrupted essential health services and reversed progress in immunization and disease control.
• Climate change: Climate change continues to pose significant health risks, especially to vulnerable populations, by exacerbating environmental and social determinants of health.
• Health inequalities: Disparities in access to health services and exposure to health risks persist both within and between countries, particularly affecting low- and middle-income regions and disadvantaged groups.
• Need for data and action: Timely, reliable, and disaggregated data are essential for guiding effective public health policies and interventions. Scaling up efforts and addressing systemic barriers are critical to achieving equitable health outcomes.

Key Information

1.1 Trends in Maternal and Child Mortality

• Maternal mortality: Global maternal mortality ratio (MMR) dropped by a third from 2000 to 2015, but progress slowed in the SDG era. The MMR declined at an average annual rate of reduction (ARR) of 2.7% (UI: 2.0–3.2%) during the MDG period, but fell to -0.04% (UI: -1.6–1.1%) between 2016 and 2020.
• Maternal mortality by region: The South-East Asia Region saw the fastest reduction in MMR, while the African Region continued to have the highest MMR. The Americas, Western Pacific, and European Regions experienced a reversal in the trend, with MMR increasing after a decline during the MDG era.
• Child mortality: Between 2000 and 2021, under-five mortality rate (U5MR) halved, but progress has slowed. In 2021, 5.0 million children under five died globally, with 47% of these deaths occurring in the first month of life.
• Neonatal mortality rate (NMR) dropped by 43% from 2000 to 2021, but the rate of reduction slowed. The African Region still has the highest NMR, at 72 deaths per 1000 live births in 2021.
• SDG targets: By 2021, 133 countries had met the U5MR target, and 126 countries had met the NMR target. However, 14 countries still had U5MR above 75 deaths per 1000 live births, and 29 countries had NMR above 25 deaths per 1000 live births.

1.2 Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs) and Major Risk Factors

• NCDs now account for nearly 75% of all global deaths, and this proportion is expected to rise to 86% by 2048.
• Risk factors such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and hypertension remain high in many regions.
• Obesity is increasing globally, with no immediate sign of reversal, indicating a growing public health concern.

1.3 Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

• The pandemic caused 14.9 million excess deaths and 336.8 million years of life lost between 2020 and 2021.
• It disrupted essential health services, reversing progress in immunization and disease control.
• Inequities in access to vaccines were stark, with populations in low- and middle-income countries and those with lower educational levels less likely to receive vaccination.

1.4 Climate Change and Health

• Climate change is a growing threat to health, particularly for vulnerable populations.
• It affects environmental and social determinants of health, increasing risks for both physical and mental well-being.

Implications for the Future

• Rapid epidemiological transitions have shifted the disease burden from infectious diseases to NCDs.
• Urgent action is needed to address health inequalities, improve access to essential services, and reduce financial hardship due to health costs.
• Equitable access to health services is crucial for achieving the Health for All vision and the SDG targets.
• Data and forecasts must be used to guide policy and intervention strategies effectively.

Conclusion

The World Health Statistics 2023 underscores the importance of accelerating progress, ensuring equitable access, and strengthening health systems to meet the SDG targets by 2030. It calls for increased investment, collaboration between local communities, governments, and international organizations, and the use of reliable data to inform public health decisions. The report also highlights the need to address the root causes of health disparities and to prepare for future global health challenges, including climate change and emerging infectious diseases.