世界银行-公共交通在妇女经济赋权中的作用ABC（英）-2023.4-54页_771kb

The World Bank paper analyzes the impact of public transport deficiencies on women's economic empowerment in three Middle East and North African (MNA) cities: Amman (Jordan), Beirut (Lebanon), and Cairo (Egypt). Using household surveys, transit network data, and built environment audits, along with econometric models, the study examines how spatial accessibility of jobs, availability of public transport near homes, and safety at transit stops affect women's labor force participation and employment likelihood.

Key findings include:

• In Amman, safety is a major barrier for women's labor force participation, while accessibility matters more for low-income women.
• In Beirut, public transport access has limited impact overall, likely due to economic crises, but accessibility benefits low-income women.
• In Cairo, both accessibility and availability are strong predictors of women's labor force participation, with stronger effects for low-income women.
• Generally, improving public transport enhances women's access to employment opportunities but has little effect on actual employment due to other constraints like work environment, social norms, and family responsibilities. Complementary actions, such as family-friendly policies and addressing structural barriers, are needed.

Policy implications suggest tailoring public transport solutions to context-specific needs and integrating efforts to overcome non-transport barriers for effective empowerment. The study highlights the importance of safety, accessibility, and availability in transport systems for women's economic participation but cautions that one-size-fits-all approaches are ineffective. Collectively, the results emphasize prioritizing public transport improvements but stress the necessity of multi-sectoral strategies for sustainable impact on women's employment.