2011年-世界发展银行全球_Mongolia___Improving_Feed_and_Fodder_Supply_for_Dzud_Management_129页_2mb

Summary of "Improving Feed and Fodder Supply for Dzud Management in Mongolia"

Core Content

The document presents a comprehensive analysis of dzud management in Mongolia, focusing on improving feed and fodder supply to mitigate the impacts of dzud on livestock and rural livelihoods. It outlines the current situation, international best practices, and policy options to enhance the effectiveness of dzud emergency response systems.

Main Points

1. Context and Background

• Mongolia transitioned from a planned to a market economy in 1990, leading to the collapse of state enterprises and the privatization of livestock.
• Herders rely on government support for winter feed, but this has created dependency and inefficiencies in the system.
• Dzud is a severe winter disaster that results in mass livestock deaths due to lack of forage and extreme cold.
• The livestock sector is under pressure due to overgrazing, climate change, and declining terms of trade, which have increased rural poverty.

2. Challenges in Dzud Management

• The State Emergency Fodder Fund (SEFF) was disbanded in 1996 but re-established after the 1999-2001 dzud.
• The Pasture Law, which would provide secure pasture tenure and grazing fees, has not been enacted, leading to overuse and degradation of pastures.
• There are significant gaps in early warning systems, participatory response identification, and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.
• Herders face constraints in producing supplementary feed due to lack of equipment, inputs, and technical skills.

3. Roles of Public and Private Sectors

• The public sector includes the Government, NEMA, MOFALI, and NAMHEM, and is responsible for policy, coordination, and emergency response.
• The private sector includes herders, cooperatives, feed producers, and input suppliers, who are expected to take on more responsibility in feed production and management.
• A public-private partnership (PPP) is essential for sustainable dzud management, with the government providing an enabling environment and the private sector taking on production and innovation roles.

4. International Best Practices and LEGS

• The Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards (LEGS) provide a framework for effective livestock disaster response, emphasizing early warning systems, participatory response, and minimum standards for interventions.
• Mongolia has elements of these best practices but lacks consistency and standardization in their application.
• The document recommends integrating LEGS principles into national dzud management strategies.

5. Policy Options for Dzud Management

• Legal Framework: Pass the Pasture Law to secure pasture tenure and reduce investment risks.
• PPP Mechanism: Develop shared risk management systems and livestock insurance.
• Decentralization: Provide annual budgets to aimags and soums to support local preparation and response.
• Integrated Regional Feed Management: Coordinate between forage deficit and surplus areas to optimize feed supply.
• Early Warning Systems: Enhance the Livestock Early Warning System (LEWS) and integrate it with local decision-making.
• Capacity Building: Strengthen monitoring and evaluation systems, and support herder training and access to resources.
• Market Reforms: Remove distortions and promote a viable private feed and fodder industry.
• Emergency Reserve Management: Use state reserves only for disasters that exceed local capacity, and improve storage and quality of feed supplies.
• Financial Incentives: Provide herders with financial incentives to encourage local feed production and smaller, more productive herds.

6. Pilot Projects

• Pilot Project 1: Development of an information system for dzud forecasting and monitoring, involving both grassroots and national agencies.
• Pilot Project 2: Integrated regional feed supply management, linking forage deficit aimags (gobi) with surplus areas (khangai, steppe, central) to improve feed distribution.

Key Information

• Dzud Impact: Two major dzuds have occurred since 1990, resulting in significant livestock losses and rural poverty.
• Current System: The SEFF has been a major source of emergency feed, but its effectiveness has been limited by high transportation costs and lack of coordination.
• Rural Poverty: 70% of Mongolian families have herds at or below the minimum economic size, highlighting the need for improved livelihood support.
• Climate Change: Perceived as a growing factor in dzud frequency and severity, requiring international support and adaptation strategies.
• Decentralization Needs: Local governments (soums and aimags) need more authority and resources to manage dzud effectively.
• Role of MOFALI: The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry (MOFALI) should take the lead in regional feed management and dzud planning.

Conclusion

The study emphasizes the need for a coordinated, integrated, and sustainable approach to dzud management in Mongolia. This includes strengthening the legal and institutional framework, promoting a more active role for the private sector, and improving early warning and information systems. The proposed pilot projects aim to test these approaches and build a foundation for long-term resilience in the livestock sector.