2014年-世界发展银行全球_Enterprise_Surveys___Macedonia_FYR_Country_Profile_2013_15页_1mb

Macedonia, FYR Country Profile 2013 Summary

Core Content Overview

This document presents the Macedonia, FYR Country Profile 2013, based on data from the Enterprise Surveys conducted by the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation (IFC). The surveys focus on the business environment, firm performance, and various economic indicators across different sectors. The profile compares Macedonia with its regional group (Eastern Europe & Central Asia) and income group (Lower middle income).

Key Business Environment Indicators

Corruption

• Graft Index: 8.2% of firms in Macedonia reported being asked or expected to pay bribes when applying for public services, which is lower than the regional average of 13.3%.
• Gifts to Tax Inspectors: 2.0% of firms expect to give gifts during meetings with tax inspectors.
• Gifts for Government Contracts: 5.9% of firms expect to give gifts to secure government contracts.
• Gifts for Construction Permits: 32.0% of firms expect to give gifts to obtain a construction permit.
• Gifts for Import Licenses: 1.1% of firms expect to give gifts for import licenses.
• Gifts for Operating Licenses: 0.5% of firms expect to give gifts for operating licenses.

Regulations, Taxes, and Business Licensing

• Days to Obtain Import License: 13.5 days.
• Days to Obtain Construction Permit: 181.1 days.
• Days to Obtain Operating License: 14.6 days.
• Senior Management Time on Government Regulation: 10.4% of senior management time is spent on government regulatory requirements.
• Average Number of Tax Meetings: 2.5 visits per year.
• Legal Forms:
  • Closed Shareholding Company: 97.1%
  • Open Shareholding Company: 0.2%
  • Sole Proprietorship: 0.2%
  • Partnership: 0.7%
  • Limited Partnership: 0.0%
  • Other: 1.9%

Average Firm Characteristics

• Age of Firms: 13.8 years.
• Female Top Manager: 26.3% of firms have a female top manager.
• Female Ownership Participation: 29.4%.
• Ownership Composition:
  • Private Domestic: 93.9%
  • Private Foreign: 5.8%
  • Government/State: 0.0%
  • Other: 0.3%

Key Economic Sectors and Indicators

Infrastructure

• Power Outages: 1.2 per month.
• Value Lost Due to Power Outages: 1.2% of sales.
• Water Shortages: 0.1 per month.
• Average Water Shortage Duration: 0.1 hours.
• Delay in Electrical Connection: 26.9 days.
• Delay in Water Connection: 23.1 days.
• Delay in Mainline Telephone Connection: N/A.

Trade

• Exporter Firms: 29.4% of firms export directly or indirectly.
• Use of Foreign Inputs: 75.1% of firms use foreign material inputs or supplies.
• Average Time to Clear Direct Exports: 3.0 days.
• Average Time to Clear Imports: 7.1 days.
• Losses During Direct Export:
  • Theft: 0.1%
  • Breakage or Spoilage: 0.4%

Crime and Informality

• Firms Believing Courts are Fair: 53.8%.
• Security Costs: 0.4% of sales.
• Losses Due to Theft, Robbery, etc.: 0.4% of sales.
• Formally Registered Firms: 98.9% of firms were formally registered when starting operations.

Innovation and Workforce

• Internationally Recognized Quality Certification: 33.7%.
• Annual Financial Statements Reviewed by External Auditors: 14.5%.
• Use of Own Website: 58.0%.
• Use of Email for Communication: 87.5%.
• Average Temporary Workers: 0.2.
• Average Permanent Full-Time Workers: 13.0.
• % of Full-Time Female Workers: 38.9%.

Main Findings and Views

• Corruption and Informality: Despite being lower than the regional average, corruption remains a concern, particularly in obtaining construction permits.
• Infrastructure Challenges: While Macedonia has relatively fewer power and water shortages than the regional average, delays in obtaining infrastructure services are still a significant issue.
• Trade Barriers: The country has moderate trade activity, with a notable use of foreign inputs, but customs delays and transport risks remain challenges.
• Regulatory and Licensing Processes: These are time-consuming and costly, especially for medium-sized firms.
• Financial Systems: Internal financing dominates, but access to bank loans is limited. Collateral requirements are high.
• Gender Participation: Female representation in top management and ownership is relatively low, though higher than the regional average.
• Legal and Institutional Framework: Legal institutions are perceived as less fair compared to the regional average, affecting business confidence.

Conclusion

The Enterprise Surveys provide a comprehensive overview of the business environment in Macedonia, FYR, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for firms across various dimensions. While some indicators, such as infrastructure reliability and access to financial services, are relatively strong, others like corruption, regulatory complexity, and informal economic activity remain areas for improvement. The data underscores the importance of reforms in enhancing the business environment to support sustainable growth and development.