2003年-世界发展银行全球_Albania___Poverty_Assessment_166页_12mb

报告摘要

Albania Poverty Assessment Summary

Core Content

This report, titled Albania Poverty Assessment, provides an in-depth analysis of poverty in Albania as of 2003, based on the first round of the Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) conducted in 2002. It explores the economic, social, and spatial dimensions of poverty, as well as the role of labor markets, health, education, and social protection programs in shaping poverty outcomes.

Main Points and Key Information

Economic Context

Albania experienced strong economic growth, averaging over 7% annually from 1998 to 2002.
Inflation remained low (4% or less).
Exports and imports grew steadily, and the current account and fiscal deficit improved.
Several structural reforms were implemented, including banking, land reforms, and privatization of strategic sectors like telecommunications.
The government outlined a poverty alleviation strategy in the Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (2000) and later in the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS), which became the basis for the National Strategy for Socio-Economic Development (NSSED).

Poverty Measurement

The report uses an absolute poverty line of 4,891 Leks per capita per month, based on the cost of basic needs methodology and household expenditure data.
One-quarter of the population (25.4%) is poor, with 4.7% in extreme poverty.
Poverty is more severe in rural and mountainous areas compared to urban regions.
Rural poverty headcount is 29.6%, with 5.2% in extreme poverty, and 66% of the poorest quintile and 61% of the second quintile are rural households.

Spatial Dimensions of Poverty

Poverty is significantly higher in rural areas than in urban areas, especially in the Mountain region.
The poverty gap index in the Mountain region is over 11%, indicating deeper poverty.
Per capita consumption in rural areas is about 7,224 Leks, which is 4/5 of urban consumption levels.
Rural areas depend heavily on agricultural income (44%), followed by employment (19%), public transfers (17.8%), private transfers (12.6%), and non-agricultural production (5.9%).
Urban areas derive more income from public and private transfers (41.5%) compared to rural areas (30.4%).

Labor Market and Poverty

Labor force participation is significantly lower among the poor.
The unemployment rate among the poor is 14.2%, nearly double that of the non-poor.
Among the extreme poor, the unemployment rate is virtually triple that of the non-poor.
Unemployment rates among the extreme poor using relaxed definitions exceed 30%.
Marginal workers (discouraged, seasonal, laid-off) are more prevalent among the poor.

Health and Poverty

Health care access is limited for the poor, with lower rates of access to water, sanitation, and health centers.
Health insurance coverage is low among the poor.
Catastrophic health expenditure affects a significant portion of the poor population, with 15.5% of the population facing such expenditures.
Public health expenditure is low, and informal payments are common, especially in peri-urban areas.

Education and Poverty

Educational attainment is lower among the poor.
Primary school enrollment is lower for poor households, and even lower for extreme poor.
Secondary school enrollment is significantly lower among the poor.
Non-enrollment among 14-17-year-olds is linked to economic constraints, lack of access to schools, and other socio-economic factors.
Education levels influence labor market outcomes and poverty rates.

Social Protection Programs

Cash transfer programs have had a positive impact on reducing poverty.
The report highlights the effectiveness of these programs in improving consumption and reducing extreme poverty.
Target efficiency of these programs is a concern, as they may not reach the most vulnerable populations effectively.

Migration and Poverty

Internal and external migration play a significant role in coping with poverty.
Remittances are a key source of income for many households, especially in rural and peri-urban areas.
Temporary migration is common, with many individuals moving to urban areas for employment opportunities.

Future Outlook

The report suggests that reducing poverty requires continued economic growth, improved access to education and health services, and more effective social protection programs.
Areas for future research include the impact of migration, the role of informal payments, and the effectiveness of social protection policies.

Key Tables and Figures

Table 2.1: Poverty and inequality in Albania.
Table 2.2: Comparing poverty lines.
Table 2.3: Sensitivity of headcounts to changes in poverty line.
Table 2.4: Poverty rates in selected ECA countries.
Table 2.5: Self-assessment of water quality.
Table 2.6: Electricity access.
Table 2.7: Unmet basic needs.
Table 2.8: Literacy by age group and location.
Table 2.9: Educational attainment.
Table 2.10: Enrolment rates by location.
Table 2.11: Moderate and severe malnutrition in children.
Table 2.12: Antenatal care.
Table 2.13: Labor force participation by gender and education.
Table 2.14: Labor force participation by region.
Table 3.1: Income cumulative density functions by region.
Table 3.2: Poverty headcount by prefecture and district.
Table 3.3: Per capita consumption.
Table 3.4: Poverty headcount by communes and municipality.
Table 4.1: Labor force participation rates, 1993-2001.
Table 4.2: Employment rates, 1991-2001.
Table 4.3: Duration of employment in the informal sector.
Table 4.4: Composition of the unemployed.
Table 4.5: Real wage development, 1993-2001.
Table 4.6: Average monthly wage by sector and gender.
Table 5.1: Health care services.
Table 5.2: Life expectancy at birth.
Table 5.3: Causes of mortality by disease groups.
Table 5.4: Self-reported morbidity across gender, regions, and poverty levels.
Table 5.5: Outpatient care utilization.
Table 5.6: Health care personnel per 1000 inhabitants.
Table 5.7: Outpatient utilization rate by poverty status and age.
Table 5.8: Antenatal care by poverty status and region.
Table 5.9: Assistance at birth by provider type.
Table 5.10: Public expenditure on health.
Table 5.11: Outpatient care expenditure by region.
Table 5.12: Yearly total hospital expenditure.
Table 5.13: Average informal payments in outpatient care.
Table 5.14: Per capita monthly health expenditure and share of total household expenditure.
Table 5.15: Proportion of people with catastrophic health expenditure.
Table 5.16: Catastrophic headcount and excess measures for health expenditure.
Table 5.17: Poverty measures before and after health care payments.
Table 6.1: Educational attainment (cohort 16-35).
Table 6.2: Net enrolment rates by gender, region, and income.
Table 6.3: Gross enrolment rates in secondary school.
Table 6.4: Proportion of people continuing to secondary school after basic education.
Table 6.5: Reasons for not attending pre-school.
Table 6.6: Reasons for non-enrollment among 14-17-year-olds.
Table 6.7: Public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP.
Table 6.8: Total household expenditure in education.
Table 6.9: Individual total expenditure in education.
Table 6.10: Labor force status of men by education level.
Table 6.11: Women's labor force participation by education and age.
Table 6.12: Mean monthly earnings of paid workers by education level and gender.
Table 7.1: Sources of income (mean income; Leks per month).
Table 7.2: Structure of household income by source, location, and quintile.
Table 7.3: Distribution of transfer income across households.
Table 7.4: Incidence of receipt of transfer income by quintile, poverty status, and source.
Table 7.5: Estimated impact of income transfers on poverty reduction.
Table 7.6: Estimated impact of income transfers on extreme poverty reduction.
Table 8.1: Internal mobility of household heads.
Table 8.2: Movement of household heads in the 1990s.
Table 8.3: Characteristics of recent temporary migrants.
Table 8.4: Characteristics of children who left home.
Table 8.5: Location of remitters and recipients.
Table 9.1: Share of income by income sources (rural population only).

Key Figures

Figure 2.1: Cumulative density functions by location.
Figure 2.2: Access to water.
Figure 2.3: Sanitation.
Figure 2.4: Enrolment by gender.
Figure 2.5: Satisfaction with financial situation.
Figure 2.6: Household basic needs requirement.
Figure 2.7: Poverty rates by household size and location.
Figure 2.8: Enrolment and poverty.
Figure 2.9: Educational attainment by economic status and location.
Figure 3.1: Income cumulative density functions by region.
Figure 3.2: Poverty headcount by prefecture and district.
Figure 3.3: Per capita consumption.
Figure 3.4: Poverty headcount by communes and municipality.
Figure 4.1: Labor force participation rates, 1993-2001.
Figure 4.2: Employment rates, 1991-2001.
Figure 4.3: Duration of employment in the informal sector.
Figure 4.4: Composition of the unemployed.
Figure 4.5: Real wage development, 1993-2001.
Figure 4.6: Average monthly wage by sector and gender.
Figure 5.1: Population with health licenses.
Figure 6.1: Educational attainment (cohort 16-35).
Figure 6.2: Percentage of students receiving tutoring.
Figure 7.1: Distribution of transfer income.
Figure 7.2: Distribution of non-poor household transfer income.
Figure 7.3: Distribution of poor household transfer income.
Figure 7.4: Distribution of extremely poor household transfer income.
Figure 8.1: Internal mobility of household heads.
Figure 8.2: Out-migration by district.
Figure 8.3: In-migration by district.
Figure 8.4: Migration net inflow by district.
Figure 8.5: Temporary external migration.
Figure 8.6: Remittances and GDP.

Conclusion

The report underscores the need for continued efforts in poverty reduction, emphasizing the importance of improving access to education, health, and social protection programs. It also highlights the role of migration and remittances in alleviating poverty, especially in rural areas. The findings are critical for shaping future policies and strategies aimed at reducing inequality and enhancing the well-being of the Albanian population.

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