2021-08-31-世界银行-贸易与气候变化的关系_发展中国家的紧迫性和机遇（英）_141页_10mb

The Trade and Climate Change Nexus: The Urgency and Opportunities for Developing Countries

Executive Summary
Trade exacerbates climate change through emissions from production, transportation, and consumption, but it is also crucial for climate solutions. This report examines the interplay between trade and climate change, emphasizing that low-middle-income countries face severe challenges but also opportunities. Trade can enhance mitigation and adaptation by facilitating access to green technologies, diversifying exports, and supporting recovery from climate disasters. Key recommendations include rethinking trade policies to reduce carbon biases, improving access to environmental goods, and fostering regional cooperation.

Introduction
Climate change impacts trade through extreme weather, shifting comparative advantages, and disrupting supply chains. Trade policies and environmental regulations must address these interactions to avoid exacerbating poverty and inequality. The report confronts myths about trade harming the environment, stressing its potential as a solution.

Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Carbon Emissions and Trade
Emerging emitters are driving global emissions growth, facing trade-offs between economic development and climate goals. Tariffs on dirty goods often subsidize emissions, while adapting trade policies—like taxing fossil fuel imports—can incentivize cleaner production. Land-use change in agriculture, exacerbated by trade barriers, requires sustainable practices and technology access.

Evolving Comparative Advantages and Extreme Weather Events
Climate change alters agricultural and tourism competitiveness. Extreme weather disrupts trade, while global value chains amplify risks. Multilateral agreements like environmental goods accords are vital, but implementation gaps hinder progress. Case studies reveal that trade restrictions during disasters worsen economic losses.

Adaptation: Trade in Green Goods, Services, and Access to Low-Carbon Technologies
Green trade liberalization reduces reliance on high-emission goods. Environmental goods and services trade is hampered by high tariffs and nontariff barriers. Digital technologies and sustainable input access can boost adaptation. Country-specific tools, like Vietnam's export diversification, show how trade policies can support climate resilience.

Environmental Policies and Trade
Carbon border adjustments aim to prevent carbon leakage but may disproportionately harm low-income countries. Business carbon management, like Walmart’s Project Gigaton, drives private sector change but requires inclusive standards. Transport emissions from trade are rising, necessitating sustainable logistics reforms.

Country-Level Issues: Diagnostic Framework for Vietnam and Ethiopia
Vietnam’s coastal vulnerability requires diversifying exports and monitoring partner environmental policies. Ethiopia’s landlocked status and reliance on imports demand WTO accession to access preferential treatment and green funds. Both countries need tailored frameworks balancing economic growth and climate adaptation.

Conclusion
Trade is essential for climate action but must be integrated with environmental policies. Low-middle-income countries need targeted measures—such as tariff reforms, technology access, and institutional support—to green trade while maintaining growth and equity.

Climate and Trade Policy Diagnostic Framework
Appendix C provides a framework for assessing vulnerabilities, identifying barriers, and recommending policies tailored to national contexts, enabling evidence-based action on climate-resilient trade.