20210531-世界银行-Connecting_the_Dots_People,Jobs,and_Social_Services_in_Urban_Ghana_127页_7mb

Connecting the Dots: People, Jobs, and Social Services in Urban Ghana

Executive Summary
This report analyzes challenges and proposes solutions for urban mobility in Ghana, focusing on accessibility, affordability, and acceptability of transport for jobs and social services in Accra, Kumasi, and Tamale. Key issues include rapid urbanization, limited infrastructure, informal transport dominance (tro-tros), congestion, pollution, and spatial exclusion. Recommendations emphasize institutional reforms, integrated transit systems, and addressing vulnerabilities exacerbated by COVID-19.

Introduction
Urban Ghana faces challenges in connecting people to jobs and services due to rapid growth and inadequate mobility systems. The study assesses constraints and proposes a phased approach for transformation, prioritizing inclusivity and sustainability. COVID-19 is noted as an opportunity for system redesign.

Understanding the Problem

1. Context: Urban Sprawl, Limited Transport Infrastructure, and Informal Transport Services

   • Urbanization: Rapid growth (e.g., Kumasi’s population to grow 2.3x by 2030), leading to sprawl and reduced densities.
   • Transport Infrastructure: Insufficient investments in roads and public transport.
   • Informal Transport: Tro-tros dominate, contributing to congestion, pollution, and safety risks.

2. Access to Economic Opportunities and Social Services

   • Accessibility: Limited spatial and temporal access to jobs (e.g., 48% of Accra’s population unable to reach 50% of jobs in one hour via public transport).
   • Affordability: Unaffordable public transport for low-income groups (e.g., 60% of daily income in Kumasi for two daily trips).
   • Acceptability: Vulnerable groups (women, disabled) face safety, comfort, and accessibility barriers.

Institutional Foundation: Leadership, Institutional Fragmentation, and Limited Human and Financial Capacity

• Fragmentation among national and local governments hinders coordination.
• Institutional capacity is limited by staff shortages and funding gaps.
• Regulatory frameworks exist but implementation is weak, limiting reforms.

Path of Transformation

1. Short-Term Actions

   • Establish protocols to prevent COVID-19 transmission in public transport.
   • Provide safety nets for informal transport workers.

2. Medium-Term Actions

   • Strengthen institutional frameworks and develop integrated transit systems.
   • Focus on nonmotorized transport and local connectivity improvements.

3. Long-Term Actions

   • Formalize public transport and transition to sustainable modes (e.g., BRT).
   • Enhance institutional and human capacity for sustainable urban mobility management.

Conclusion
Urban mobility is critical for economic growth and social inclusion in Ghana. Without reforms, cities risk exclusion and sustainability issues. Key recommendations include institutional reforms, integrated planning, and prioritizing vulnerable groups to build resilient and equitable transport systems.

Key Recommendations

• Strengthen institutional coordination and ownership.
• Develop hierarchically integrated transit systems.
• Implement demand management and address externalities like congestion and pollution.
• Ensure equity for vulnerable groups through targeted interventions.