2017年-世界发展银行全球_Economy_Profile_of_Ghana_69页_1mb

Summary of "Doing Business 2018: Reforming to Create Jobs"

Core Content

The Doing Business 2018 report by the World Bank Group is a flagship publication that evaluates business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies. It focuses on how regulatory environments impact the creation of jobs and the ease of doing business. The report includes a detailed analysis of Ghana, comparing its business regulations with those of other economies, and provides insights into the procedures, time, and costs involved in various business-related activities.

Main Topics Covered

The report evaluates the following key areas of business regulation:

• Starting a business
• Dealing with construction permits
• Getting electricity
• Registering property
• Getting credit
• Protecting minority investors
• Paying taxes
• Trading across borders
• Enforcing contracts
• Resolving insolvency
• Labor market regulation

Key Indicators and Metrics

The report uses the Distance to Frontier (DTF) measure to evaluate how close an economy is to the best regulatory practices observed globally. The DTF score ranges from 0 (worst performance) to 100 (best performance). The Ease of Doing Business ranking is based on the DTF scores, with 1 being the best and 190 the worst.

Ghana's Profile

• Region: Sub-Saharan Africa
• Income Category: Lower middle income
• Population: 28,206,728
• GNI Per Capita (US$): 1,380
• City Covered: Accra
• DTF Score: Varies across indicators
• Ease of Doing Business Ranking: Not explicitly provided, but the report includes rankings and DTF scores for all indicators

Main Findings for Ghana

Starting a Business

• Procedures: 8 procedures for both men and women, slightly above the regional average.
• Time: 14 days for both men and women, which is faster than the regional average but slower than OECD high-income economies.
• Cost: 17.5% of income per capita, significantly lower than the regional average but still higher than OECD economies.
• Minimum Paid-in Capital: 1.7% of income per capita, much lower than the regional average (25.6%) and OECD economies (8.7%).

Dealing with Construction Permits

• Procedures: 16 procedures, which is higher than the regional average (14.8) but lower than OECD high-income economies (12.5).
• Time: 170 days, which is longer than the regional average (147.5) and OECD economies (154.6), but shorter than the best performer (Denmark, 27.5 days).
• Cost: 5.4% of the warehouse value, lower than the regional average (9.9%) but higher than OECD economies (1.6%).
• Building Quality Control Index: 9.0 (out of 15), indicating moderate quality of regulations and safety mechanisms.

Main Views and Key Information

• The Doing Business project aims to provide objective, measurable benchmarks for business regulations to encourage reforms that improve the business environment.
• It evaluates the regulatory environment through a set of indicators, which are based on standardized assumptions to ensure comparability across economies.
• The project includes detailed subnational reports, allowing cities and regions to compare their regulatory environments and identify areas for improvement.
• The report emphasizes that regulatory reforms can lead to more efficient business operations and job creation.
• In Ghana, the process of starting a business involves multiple procedures, including obtaining a tax ID, company name availability, and authentication of documents. The process is relatively straightforward compared to other economies in the region but still has room for improvement.
• The construction permit process in Ghana is lengthy and involves multiple steps such as title search, fire protection reports, soil tests, and environmental impact assessments. The quality of construction regulations is moderate, suggesting the need for further reforms to improve safety and efficiency.

Methodology Overview

• Standardized Business: A 100% domestically owned, limited liability company with 5 owners, 10–50 employees, and a start-up capital of 10 times the income per capita.
• Assumptions: No bribes, no investment incentives, and all procedures are completed using the most common legal form in the economy.
• Data Collection: Completed in June 2017. Data for 11 large economies (including Ghana) are population-weighted averages for the two largest business cities.
• Procedure Timing: Each procedure starts on a separate day, with online procedures counted as 0.5 days. Costs are calculated as a percentage of income per capita or warehouse value, excluding bribes and professional fees unless required by law.

Conclusion

The Doing Business 2018 report highlights the importance of regulatory reform in improving the business environment and fostering job creation. For Ghana, the report provides a detailed breakdown of the procedures, time, and costs involved in starting a business and obtaining construction permits, offering a clear picture of the challenges and opportunities for improvement. While Ghana's performance is relatively better than some economies in the region, there are still areas where regulatory efficiency can be enhanced to support business growth and employment.