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Summary of "The Future of Sustainable Cities: Urban Energy Transition to 2030"

Core Content

This report by Monitor Deloitte explores the role of cities in Spain's energy transition and outlines the necessary steps to achieve sustainable urban development by 2030. It emphasizes the critical importance of cities in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improving air quality, given their significant contribution to national energy consumption and emissions.

Key Findings

Cities' Role in Energy Consumption and Emissions

• Cities in Spain account for 40% of final energy consumption (buildings and wheeled land transport) and 70% of total GHG emissions (229 MtCO₂eq out of 324 MtCO₂eq nationally in 2016).
• Transport and buildings are the top contributors to direct GHG emissions, with transport responsible for 38 MtCO₂eq and buildings for 21 MtCO₂eq in 2016.
• Air pollutants such as PM and NOₓ are also concentrated in cities, with 30% of NOₓ and 55% of PM emissions coming from less than 10% of Spain’s land surface.

Emissions Reduction Targets

• The Covenant of Mayors targets a 40% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 and zero emissions by 2050.
• These targets are more achievable in cities due to the maturity of technologies in key sectors such as transport and buildings.
• By 2030, cities must reduce emissions from ~100 MtCO₂eq to 60 MtCO₂eq, and achieve zero emissions by 2050.

Current Efforts and Challenges

• Spanish cities are already implementing sustainability measures, such as energy consumption inventories, sustainable bus depots, and refurbishments of old buildings.
• However, business as usual will not be sufficient to meet the 2030 targets, as emissions are expected to rise by 15–20% due to increasing economic activity and population.
• Additional efforts are needed in transport, buildings, and municipal services to achieve the required reductions.

Main Recommendations

Transport Sector

• Modal shift to public transport: Can reduce GHG emissions by 70–90% per passenger-km. Public transport currently accounts for 30–35% in large cities and 10–15% in midsize cities.
• Smart mobility: Includes carsharing, carpooling, and demand-based transport, with potential for 10% of private vehicle journeys in large cities by 2030.
• Promotion of electric vehicles (EVs): EVs emit 6–7 times less GHG and no particulates or NOₓ compared to Euro III vehicles. To meet Covenant of Mayors targets, 25–30% of the vehicle population must be electric by 2030.
• Restricting older, polluting vehicles: Older diesel vehicles emit 10 times more particulates, 6 times more NOₓ, and twice as much GHG compared to new Euro VI vehicles. Municipal authorities should enforce traffic restrictions and increase taxes on polluting vehicles.

Buildings Sector

• Heating consumption control systems (e.g., thermostats) can reduce energy use by 15–30%. In cold climates, 30–50% of homes should have these systems by 2030.
• Energy-efficient heating equipment: Heat pumps and condensing gas boilers are recommended. Heat pumps offer superior performance but are more costly in cold climates due to higher installation and operational costs.
• Building refurbishments: Prioritize energy efficiency improvements such as façade insulation, roof insulation, and window replacement.
• Self-consumption facilities: Should be considered, though to a lesser extent than other initiatives.

Municipal Services

• Efficient lighting: Transition to LED lighting and implement smart lighting control systems.
• Electrification of municipal fleets: Promote electric vehicles in public transport and other municipal services.
• Sustainable public buildings: Improve energy efficiency and reduce emissions through refurbishments and modern technologies.

The Energy Sustainable Cities Index (ESCI)

• A proposed ESCI would help monitor progress towards urban energy sustainability.
• The index would assess direct and indirect GHG emissions, energy efficiency, and sustainable practices in cities.
• It would provide a benchmark for cities to evaluate their performance and identify areas for improvement.

Conclusion

• Cities are central to Spain's energy transition due to their high energy consumption and emissions.
• A combination of technological upgrades, policy interventions, and behavioral changes is required to meet the Covenant of Mayors targets.
• Public authorities must lead by example, implement effective governance models, and support sustainable mobility and energy-efficient buildings.
• The ESCI could serve as a valuable tool for tracking and improving urban energy sustainability.

Key Statistics

• 70% of Spain’s population lives in cities.
• 40% of final energy consumption and 70% of GHG emissions come from cities.
• By 2030, cities must reduce emissions to 60 MtCO₂eq from ~100 MtCO₂eq.
• Electric vehicles should account for 25–30% of the vehicle population by 2030.
• Heat pumps can reduce emissions by over 60% in the residential sector.
• Public transport in Spain is comparable to or exceeds that of major international cities.

Supporting Initiatives

• Refurbishment of over 3,500 buildings in Zaragoza.
• Zem2All project in Malaga with 200 electric cars and 243 charging points.
• Sustainable Mobility Plan in Vitoria, increasing non-motorised transport share to 65% by 2016.
• Barcelona's electric bus lines and Madrid's energy consumption inventory are notable examples of city-level initiatives.