2011年-世界发展银行全球_Making_Womens_Voices_Count_in_Natural_Disaster_Programs_in_East_Asia_and_the_Pacific_8页_737kb

EAP DRM KnowledgeNotes Summary

Core Content

This working paper from the World Bank's East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) Disaster Risk Management (DRM) team explores the importance of incorporating gender perspectives into natural disaster risk management programs. It highlights how natural disasters disproportionately affect women and how traditional gender roles and norms can exacerbate their vulnerability. The paper provides case studies and recommendations for improving gender sensitivity in DRM initiatives.

Main Points

• Natural Disasters in EAP: The EAP region is highly vulnerable to natural disasters, which have a significant impact on the region's population and economy. The frequency of disasters has increased dramatically over the past few decades.

• Gender and Vulnerability: Disasters often reveal and magnify existing gender inequalities. Women are more likely to suffer higher mortality rates due to physical limitations, caregiving responsibilities, and livelihood patterns. They also face unique health and social vulnerabilities.

• Economic Vulnerability: Women are more likely to be in the informal sector and lower-skilled occupations, leading to less visibility in economic activities and reduced access to resources and compensation schemes. Their unpaid labor is critical to household and community functions, yet it is often not accounted for in post-disaster assessments.

• Education and Participation: Women and girls often have lower literacy rates and are excluded from decision-making processes in DRM. This limits their ability to access information, participate in early warning systems, and benefit from disaster recovery programs.

• Land Titling and Inheritance Rights: In many EAP countries, land ownership is traditionally held by men. This undermines women's ability to secure property rights, access resources, and contribute to reconstruction efforts. Post-disaster situations can be an opportunity to address these issues.

Key Factors Affecting Women's Vulnerability

• Division of labor: Women are often responsible for household tasks, while men are more involved in physical labor and formal sectors.
• Survival skills: Women may lack the physical capacity or training to escape or survive disasters.
• Access to information: Women are less likely to receive or act upon disaster-related information.
• Legal rights: Women's land and inheritance rights are frequently not recognized, making them more vulnerable to loss of assets.
• Influence over decisions: Women are often excluded from decision-making processes in DRM and recovery programs.

Case Studies

Land Titling and Inheritance Rights

• Indonesia (Post-Tsunami Aceh): The RALAS project aimed to recover land rights and rebuild the land administration system. It included community-driven adjudication and land mapping, resulting in the issuance of 222,628 land title certificates, with 28% going to female owners.

• India (Post-Tsunami Tamil Nadu): New property titles were jointly registered in the names of both male and female heads of households, helping to improve women's property ownership and reduce vulnerability.

• Laos (2005 Floods in Ban SopBor): Women were actively involved in disseminating flood warnings and were recognized as key participants in community disaster response.

Female-Headed Households

• Indonesia (PEKKA Program): A program aimed at empowering female-headed households after the 2004 tsunami included capacity building, scholarships, and reconstruction efforts, benefiting over 5,000 people.

Recommendations for the Way Forward

• Integrate gender perspectives into all DRM policies, plans, and decision-making processes.
• Include women in the design and planning of DRM programs to ensure their needs and priorities are addressed.
• Promote community-based approaches that take into account gender-specific roles and responsibilities.
• Improve land titling and inheritance rights to ensure women have legal recognition and access to resources.
• Support education and literacy initiatives to enhance women's ability to access information and participate in DRM.
• Develop tools and guidelines for gender mainstreaming in DRM, including case studies and indicators for success.

Resources and Tools

• World Bank: Developing tools and guidelines for integrating gender into DRM programs.
• Gender and Disaster Network (GDN): A resource for gender-sensitive DRM practices.
• Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR): Supports developing countries in reducing disaster risk.
• Preventionweb: A platform for disaster risk information and management.

Conclusion

This paper emphasizes the need for gender-sensitive disaster risk management strategies to address the unique vulnerabilities of women in EAP. By incorporating women's perspectives and needs into DRM programs, countries can enhance the effectiveness of recovery efforts and promote more equitable and sustainable development.