英文_ILO_在异质劳动力市场中重返教育_秘鲁案例_50页_1mb

Summary of "Returns to Education in Heterogeneous Labour Markets: The Case of Peru"

Introduction

This Working Paper examines the impact of education on private returns in Peru's heterogeneous labor markets, where employment types (employees, own-account workers) and informality (formal/informal) affect earnings. Using nationally representative household survey data from 2016, 2019, and 2022, the study analyzes how different education levels yield varying returns across employment and sector types.

Key Findings

1. Overall Returns to Education

   • Education consistently increases earnings across all levels, with tertiary education yielding the highest returns.
   • Returns for primary/secondary education are higher among informal/own-account workers, while post-secondary/tertiary education benefits formal employees.
   • Secondary and tertiary education show decreasing returns over the studied period, possibly due to oversupply or stagnant high-skill demand.

2. Returns by Employment Status

   • Own-account workers face a persistent earnings penalty across education levels, though secondary education narrows this gap relative to salaried workers.
   • Tertiary education benefits more in formal/salaried employment, suggesting heterogeneity in labor demand.

3. Returns by Formality/Sector

   • Informal sector workers earn significantly less, with gaps widening over time.
   • Education provides higher premiums in the formal sector, especially for technical and university education, indicating its mismatch in the informal economy.

4. Policy Implications

   • Enhance formal employment creation and vocational training to align education with productivity.
   • Address barriers hindering school-to-work transitions, particularly for vulnerable groups.

Data & Methodology

• Data from Peru's National Household Survey (ENAHO) covering 2016–2022, analyzed with Heckman selection model to account for labor market participation biases and Mincerian earnings equations for education returns.
• Educational attainment categorized into five levels, indexed for cross-cohort comparability.

Conclusion

Education alone is insufficient to ensure equitable returns in Peru's labor market. Policy cooperation between education systems and employment programs is vital, alongside efforts to expand high-productivity jobs and improve workforce alignment.