港口、海湾和码头的环境、健康和安全指南（英文版）_35页

Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Ports, Harbors, and Terminals Summary

Core Content

These Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines provide a technical reference for managing environmental, health, and safety issues in the construction and operation of ports, harbors, and terminals. They are part of the Good International Industry Practice (GIIIP) and are used in conjunction with the General EHS Guidelines to ensure comprehensive environmental and social management. The guidelines are applicable when the World Bank Group is involved in a project and are based on the principles of reasonable cost, existing technology, and site-specific conditions.

Main Views

• Applicability and Tailoring: The guidelines are not universally applicable and must be adapted based on the hazards and risks identified through an environmental assessment. This includes considering host country regulations, assimilative capacity of the environment, and project-specific factors. If local regulations are more stringent, they must be followed.

• Site Selection and Design: Sites for ports, harbors, and terminals should be selected through a systematic environmental assessment that includes alternatives analysis, impact assessment, and community consultation. The design must account for dredging, blasting, and reclamation to minimize environmental and social impacts.

• Environmental Impacts: The guidelines emphasize the need to address a wide range of environmental issues, including:

  • Habitat Alteration and Biodiversity: Activities such as land reclamation, dredging, and coastal infrastructure development can alter terrestrial and aquatic habitats, leading to biodiversity loss, sedimentation, and coastal erosion.

  • Climate Change Resilience: Ports are vulnerable to climate change impacts, including rising sea levels, increased storm intensity, and altered hydrological patterns. Climate adaptation planning is essential in the design and operational phases.

  • Water Quality: Dredging and port operations can increase turbidity, release contaminants, and affect aquatic life and human health. Special attention should be given to sediment suspension, contaminant release, and effluent management.

  • Air Emissions: Both land-based and sea-based activities contribute to air pollution, including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and greenhouse gases. Emissions management strategies should be implemented to ensure compliance with international regulations and minimize environmental impact.

Key Information

1.1.1 Terrestrial and Aquatic Habitat Alteration and Biodiversity

• Impacts: Land reclamation, dredging, and construction activities can alter terrestrial, freshwater, brackish, and marine habitats, affecting flora and fauna and biodiversity.
• Mitigation: Port design should consider dredging needs, siting alternatives, and coastal protection measures (e.g., beach nourishment, sand bypassing, seawalls).
• Monitoring: Projects should monitor shoreline morphology, erosion patterns, and sediment transport to identify and manage adverse impacts.

1.1.2 Climate Change Resilience

• Risks: Climate change can lead to increased storm intensity, rising sea levels, and altered hydrological conditions, affecting port operations and ecosystems.
• Adaptation Measures: Include climate-resilient infrastructure design, cargo handling equipment upgrades, and assessment of impacts on sensitive habitats.
• Design Considerations: Ports should be designed to withstand extreme weather events and changing sea levels, with stormwater drainage, breakwaters, and foundation stability being critical.

1.1.3 Water Quality

• Sources of Impact: Dredging, construction, and operational activities can lead to increased turbidity, contaminant release, and pollution of aquatic environments.
• Dredged Material Management: A Dredging Management Plan should be developed, including risk assessment, sediment characterization, and environmental monitoring.
• Disposal and Reuse: Dredged materials should be managed through a hierarchy of options, prioritizing reuse and minimization. For contaminated materials, confined disposal or open sea disposal should be evaluated based on comparative risk assessment.

1.1.4 Air Emissions

• Sources: Combustion emissions from vehicles, equipment, ships, and fuel storage/transfer are the primary sources of air pollution.
• Emissions Types: Include sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), and greenhouse gases (GHGs).
• Management Strategies:
  • Ship Operations: Use low-sulfur fuels, shore-based power, and reduce propulsion power in port areas.
  • Land-Based Activities: Minimize cargo re-storage, reduce travel distances, and upgrade equipment to low-emission alternatives.

Wastewater Management

• Types of Wastewater: Include stormwater, sewage, and ship-generated effluents (e.g., ballast water, bilge water, vessel-cleaning wastewater).
• Management Recommendations:
  • Avoid direct discharge into surface waters.
  • Use filter mechanisms, sediment traps, and oil/water separators.
  • Ensure proper treatment and disposal of contaminated solids and liquids.
  • Provide ballast water management guidance to prevent invasive species.

Conclusion

These guidelines are designed to ensure sustainable development of ports, harbors, and terminals, emphasizing the importance of environmental assessment, risk mitigation, and compliance with international and local regulations. They provide technical recommendations and performance indicators to help manage EHS impacts effectively, particularly in complex or large-scale projects. The guidelines also highlight the need for site-specific planning, adaptive monitoring, and long-term resilience against climate change and environmental degradation.