2014年-世界发展银行全球_Crimes_and_Disputes___Missed_Opportunities_and_Insights_from_a_National_Data_Collection_Effort_in_Papua_New_Guinea_16页_789kb

Summary of "Crimes and Disputes: Missed opportunities and insights from a national data collection effort in Papua New Guinea"

I. Introduction

Papua New Guinea (PNG) faces high levels of crime and violence, yet reliable data on dispute incidence and personal security has been lacking. The World Bank's Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2009/2010 was a pioneering effort to collect such data as part of a broader study on the socioeconomic costs of crime and violence. However, the survey's design had limitations, including the use of non-standard categories and an inability to capture detailed resolution mechanisms or satisfaction levels.

II. Key Findings from the HIES

Dispute Incidence and Impact

• Rural vs. Urban Disputes: Households in rural areas experience disputes more frequently than those in urban areas, with the Momase and Highlands regions having the highest rates and the Islands region the lowest.
• Common Dispute Types: Natural resource disputes (land, water, forestry, agriculture) make up 38.4% of all disputes, followed by domestic violence (11.7%), theft (11.3%), and physical assault (9.5%).
• Impact by Gender and Location: Women report more intra-familial disputes and violence, which have a greater impact on them. Men report more public and economic-related disputes.
• Disputes Leading to Death: Land and "other tribal" disputes are most often linked to fatal outcomes. "Other tribal disputes" are the most lethal category, with nearly 50% of such disputes resulting in death, primarily in the Highlands region.

Dispute Resolution Mechanisms

• Common Resolution Methods: Community leaders (32%), village courts (23%), and wantoks/family (18%) are the most frequently used mechanisms for dispute resolution.
• Wealth and Resolution: Wealthier respondents are more likely to use formal mechanisms like village courts, while the poor tend to rely on informal and localized solutions.
• Ineffectiveness of Resolution: Over 90% of disputes remain unresolved, limiting the ability to assess satisfaction or effectiveness of resolution mechanisms.

Fear of Crime

• Impact on Freedom of Movement: Fear of crime significantly affects freedom of movement, especially for women (55%) and urban residents (59%).
• Most Feared Crime Types: Drug and alcohol-related crimes are most feared nationally, with sexual assault being the most feared by women.
• Perception of Crime Trends: Perceptions of crime decreasing are more common in urban areas than rural, with 40.6% of respondents believing crime has fallen in the past 12 months.

Crime Incidence

• Personal Property Theft: The most common crime, with 13% of respondents reporting it.
• Urban Crime Rates: Urban centers, particularly Lae, have the highest contact crime rates, followed by the Highlands.
• Domestic Violence Reporting: Only 9% of women reported being beaten by someone in their household in the last 30 days. Most did not seek help, with family and friends being the most common sources of support.

III. Challenges in Data Collection

• Questionnaire Design: The HIES modules on disputes and personal security were not designed to capture detailed crime or dispute resolution data. The use of non-standard categories limited comparability with international data.
• Underreporting: The survey underreports domestic violence due to its limited scope and timeframe. It does not capture sexual or emotional violence, nor does it include a broader timeframe.
• Data Interpretation: The data on disputes leading to death is not robust due to communal reporting and overlapping categories, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions.

IV. Recommendations and Lessons Learned

• Standardized Categories: Future surveys should use internationally recognized categories to ensure comparability and reliability.
• Comprehensive Questionnaires: More detailed and well-structured questionnaires are needed to capture the full range of disputes and crime types, as well as resolution mechanisms and satisfaction levels.
• Qualitative Insights: While quantitative data provides a broad overview, qualitative research is essential for deeper understanding of dispute dynamics and the lived experiences of citizens.
• Contextual Relevance: Customization for local context should not compromise the use of standard categories, which are vital for meaningful analysis and policy-making.

V. Conclusion

The HIES provided valuable insights into the nature and impact of disputes and crime in PNG, particularly highlighting the prevalence of land and tribal-related disputes. However, the limitations in questionnaire design and data collection methods underscore the need for more refined approaches in future surveys to ensure accurate and actionable data. The data also emphasizes the importance of informal dispute resolution mechanisms and the need for improving access to formal legal institutions, especially for women and the poor.