2021-09-18-奥斯陆和平研究所-包容的幻觉_评估权力分享的效果和性别影响（英）_134页_1mb

Summary: "The Illusion of Inclusion"

This thesis investigates the effects and gendered implications of power sharing in post-conflict governance, specifically focusing on its impact on female inclusion and women's empowerment.

Introduction & Literature Review

• Power sharing (especially consociational models) is widely adopted in post-conflict settings for ensuring stability, democracy, and ethnic minority representation.
• The Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda (UNSCR 1325) emphasizes gender equality and women's participation, but power sharing literature has exclusively focused on inclusion related to ethnicity and democracy, overlooking gender.
• Feminist literature critiques power sharing for prioritizing ethnic identity over other forms of difference, including gender, and argues it often fails to genuinely empower women beyond symbolic representation.

Theoretical Framework & Hypotheses

1. Power Sharing Literature: Argues power sharing increases minority representation and cooperation (Norris, Lijphart). Differentiates between three types: inclusive, dispersive, and constraining.
2. Feminist Literature: Prioritizes grassroots-level inclusion and empowerment (not just elite representation). Critiques power sharing for potentially entrenching divisions and neglecting gender.

• Hypotheses Developed:
  • H1: Inclusive power sharing increases women's share in parliaments (formal inclusion) due to mechanisms like reserved seats.
  • H2: Inclusive power sharing does not effectively increase women's broader empowerment (civil society participation, civil liberties).

Methodology, Data & Analysis (Chapters 4 & 5)

• Used global country-year panel data (1975-2010).
• Independent variable: Index measuring political inclusive power sharing.
• Dependent variables: Women's share in parliaments (female inclusion) and three indices measuring women's political empowerment (participation, civil liberties, civil society participation).
• Found:
  • Main Result: Inclusive power sharing is positively and statistically significantly associated with an increase in women's share in national parliaments.
  • Other Measures: Inclusive power sharing is not associated with statistically significant changes in broader measures of women's political empowerment (civil society participation, civil liberties).
  • Civil Conflict: Shorter conflicts negatively impact women's representation and empowerment. UNSCR 1325 provides a slight signal for women's representation.

Discussion & Conclusions (Chapter 6 & 7)

• Conclusion: Power sharing, while effective for formal elite representation and potentially increasing women's parliamentary seats, does not lead to substantial, sustained women's empowerment in broader society or civil society contexts.
• Key Finding: There's a gendered conflict or "illusion" in how power sharing defines inclusion. Power sharing prioritizes ethnic inclusion but fails to address intersecting forms of exclusion like gender, potentially undermining long-term peace and democratic stability by neglecting women's agency and equality.
• Implications: Policymakers should use power sharing frameworks strategically, acknowledging their limitations on women's empowerment and integrating a gender perspective more robustly. Further research is needed to explore long-term effects and conditions under which power sharing limits versus promotes women's inclusion beyond formal representation.