2014年-世界发展银行全球_Mongolia___Development_Impacts_of_Solar-Powered_Electricity_Services_44页_1mb

Mongolia: Development Impacts of Solar-Powered Electricity Services

Core Content

This report evaluates the development impacts of solar-powered electricity services in Mongolia, focusing on the effects of the Renewable Energy and Rural Electricity Access Project (REAP) on nomadic herder households. The project, supported by the World Bank and the Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE), was instrumental in scaling up the distribution of Solar Home Systems (SHS) under the Government of Mongolia's National 100,000 Solar Ger Electrification Program (100k Program), which aimed to electrify 100,000 gers by 2010.

Main Objectives

• Assess the impact of solar home systems on the quality of life and development of herder households.
• Evaluate the sustainability and usage patterns of SHSs.
• Document the changes in energy use and its socio-economic implications.

Key Findings

SHS Ownership and Utilization

• Over 67,000 SHSs were delivered to herder households, achieving the 100k Program's goal.
• More than 90% of the SHSs are still in use six years after purchase.
• Many households have acquired additional units beyond the initial one.
• SHSs are used to power lamps, televisions, satellite desks, and mobile phone chargers.

Immediate Impacts of Changing Energy Patterns

• Lighting: Improved lighting has enabled herders to work, relax, and care for their families after dark.
• Access to Information: Access to television and mobile phones has improved the availability of market and weather information.
• Communication: Mobile phones have transformed communication within families and with the outside world, reducing the need for long journeys.
• Time Allocation: Herders now spend more time on productive and recreational activities after dark.

Quality of Life and Development Impacts

• Productivity and Income: Electrification has increased productivity and income, especially for adults and children.
• Household Expenses: Reduced reliance on kerosene and candles has lowered household expenses.
• Healthcare and Education: Television has become a key tool for health education and nutrition awareness.
• Gender Impact: Women report significant time savings, enabling them to engage in personal care, parenting, and work.
• Cultural Preservation: SHSs have helped herders maintain their traditional lifestyle while improving their standard of living.

Key Contributions

• The 100k Program significantly increased electricity access from 67% to over 90%.
• The total cost of the project was moderate, with REAP's subsidies and support amounting to around US$12 million.
• The establishment of a Sales and Service Center (SSC) network and manufacturers' warranties helped create a sustainable market for SHSs.
• The project has created business opportunities and employment in the renewable energy sector.

Recommendations

• The Government should extend and strengthen the maintenance and repair service network.
• Continued monitoring of SSC performance is necessary to ensure ongoing support for the rural population.

Methodology

• Survey 1: A structured sample survey of 789 herder households across ten soums in Khentii and Bayankhongor aimags.
• Survey 2: In-depth interviews with twelve herder households in four soums.
• Both surveys used extensive questionnaires and collected both qualitative and quantitative data.

Supporting Information

• Annex A: Summarizes demographic features of the survey population.
• Annex B: Discusses gender aspects in Mongolia.
• Maps: Include locations of aimags and soums visited, as well as the network of REAP Sales and Service Centers.
• Figures: Illustrate the number of SHSs owned per household, consumer satisfaction levels, and information access practices.
• Tables: Provide data on severe weather patterns, clinic locations, and typical educational television programs.

Conclusion

The project has had a transformative impact on herder communities in Mongolia, improving their quality of life, access to information, and economic opportunities. It has also played a key role in addressing gender inequality and preserving traditional lifestyles. The success of the 100k Program and REAP has set a solid foundation for future rural electrification efforts in Mongolia.