世界银行-基于自然的旅游工具和资源-第二版（英）-2023-113页

Tools and Resources for Nature-Based Tourism

Overview

• Nature-based tourism (NBT) supports sustainable development, poverty alleviation, economic growth, and biodiversity conservation.
• The World Bank’s second edition report compiles tools, resources, and case studies to assist NBT practitioners affected by COVID-19 recovery.

Background

• Nature-Based Tourism (NBT): Involves tourism using natural resources in undeveloped forms (wildlife, scenery, etc.). Terms like ecotourism, wildlife tourism, and geotourism are defined (Table 1).
• Key Purposes: Review aims to compile resources to prepare and implement sustainable NBT projects, addressing gaps highlighted by COVID-19.

Tools and Resources

4.1 Key Concepts of Nature-Based Tourism

• Ecotourism: Responsible travel conserving nature and sustaining local communities (e.g., IUCN guidelines, Ecotourism textbooks).
• Protected Areas (PA): IUCN categories provided (Table 4), planning guides (e.g., Tourism and visitation in protected areas).
• Wildlife Tourism: Best practices (e.g., Wildlife viewing protocols, case studies in Africa).
• Hunting: Best practices guidance (Best practice in sustainable hunting).
• Regional Guidance: Resources tailored to specific regions like Europe, Africa, Latin America.

4.2 Enabling Policy Environment and Planning

• Policy Frameworks: UNWTO recommendations, CBD guidelines on tourism concessions, and SERPAT framework.
• Planning Guidance: Visitor management tools (VERP framework), sustainable tourism planning (MEET approach).

4.3 Concessions and Partnership Models

• Concession Guidelines: Best practices from Latin America, Southern Africa, and Asia-Pacific (e.g., Tourism concessions in protected areas).
• Case Studies: Partnerships in conservation areas (e.g., Torra Conservancy in Namibia, Phinda Private Game Reserve in South Africa).

4.4 Destination Management

• Planning Tools: Visitor use management (LAC), VSE model, and training for destination management (e.g., Glen Innes Highlands plan).
• Case Studies: Improving trails in Peaks National Park, visitor management in Mediterranean destinations.

4.5 Infrastructure and Facilities

• Accommodation: Sustainable ecolodge guidelines (e.g., Planning, design, and construction guidelines).
• Visitor Infrastructure: Guidelines for trails, visitor centers, and accessibility (e.g., WCAG standards).

4.6 Visitor Management

• Principles and Tools: Visitor Impact Management, limits of acceptable change (LOAC), M&E frameworks.
• Guidance for NBT: Use of IUCN guidelines and best practices for visitor planning.

4.7 Nature-Based Enterprise Development

• Guidance for Businesses: Feasibility studies, financial planning, certification standards (e.g., GSTC).
• Case Studies: Damaraland Camp joint venture, business models in community-based tourism.

4.8 Impacts of Nature-Based Tourism

• Environmental and Financial Impacts: Case studies and economic data on NBT’s ecological and financial contributions (e.g., Whale shark tourism in Mexico).

4.9 Risk Management and Climate Change

• Carbon Offsetting: Tools for reducing emissions (low-emission infrastructure, green building practices).
• Resilience Strategies: Mitigating risks from climate change through adaptation measures.

4.10 Monitoring and Evaluation

• M&E Frameworks: Visitor use monitoring tools (GD-PAVIS), citizen science initiatives, metrics for sustainability.

5. COVID-19 Pandemic Resources

• Policy Analysis: Guidelines on COVID-19’s impacts on tourism (UNEP, UNDP).
• Recovery Strategies: Use of virtual safaris, new financing tools (e.g., ACCT Fund), and diversified tourism products.

6. Training Materials

• Online Courses: Webinars on NBT planning, stakeholder training modules (e.g., GSTC certification).
• Case Studies: Guides for NBT guides and operators sharing best practices.

7. Networks and Institutions

• Organizations: ATTA, MEET Network, GSTC, CPAM.
• Policy Development: Links to IUCN guidelines and collaborative networks (e.g., BiNGO Impact Investing Platform).

Conclusion

• Gaps in Resources: Prioritized NBT needs include overtourism management, climate change adaptation, sustainable hunting standards, and digital tools for impact measurement.
• Recommendations: Strengthen global collaboration and establish standardized tools for effective NBT management.