2021-11-22-全球发展中心-绘制中国的多边主义地图_中国参与多边发展机构和基金的数据调查（英）_89页_3mb

Mapping China's Multilateralism: A Data Survey of China's Participation in Multilateral Development Institutions and Funds

Authors: Scott Morris, Rowan Rockafellow, and Sarah Rose (Center for Global Development, November 2021)

Key Findings

1. Economic Influence

   • China's voting power in multilateral development banks (MDBs) has grown significantly (8th to 3rd largest in IBRD), mirroring its economic rise. However, new membership often requires other countries to cede voting rights, limiting the alignment between economic size and influence.
   • China's largest MDBs (e.g., AIIB, NDB) grant it over 20% voting power, making China dominant in decision-making in institutions like Asian Development Bank (6.5%–5.4%) and Inter-American Development Bank (4.4%–5.8%).

2. Discretionary Contributions

   • China's contributions to concessional funds (e.g., IDA, ADF) rose substantially, particularly through IDA. This reflects policy-driven increases, not just economic growth.
   • China established large trust funds (e.g., Africa Growing Together Fund), providing co-financing in regional development banks, enhancing influence in institutions where voting power is restricted.

3. Procurement Dominance

   • Chinese firms secured 20% of World Bank contracts (average 2000–2019), outpacing all other nations. MDB procurement rules favor member-country firms, but China maintains competitive edges in infrastructure sectors, often through state-owned enterprises.
   • Domestic preference rules in some MDBs (e.g., AfDB) do not hinder Chinese contracts, suggesting underpricing or limited bidding by local firms.

4. Vertical Funds and UN Engagement

   • China's vertical fund (e.g., health/Gavi) participation is limited, despite increases in specific areas (e.g., Gavi co-financing). It remains a minor contributor overall.
   • UN funding increased, with China becoming the 5th largest contributor. Leadership appointments (e.g., WHO Assistant Director-General Ren Minghui) indicate growing influence, but voluntary contributions lag behind economic contributions. China's shift from a major recipient to a donor began notably in global health funds like Global Fund.

5. Policy Motivations

   • China's multilateral engagement reflects its economic growth and strategic policy choices, including infrastructure focus (e.g., added co-financing in Africa) and influence through personnel and contracts.

Critiques and Questions

• Data comparability across multilateral entities is a key limitation, constrained by inconsistent reporting.
• China's dual role as donor and recipient in MDBs and UN systems highlights internal policy motivators requiring deeper analysis.
• Geopolitical debates on multilateralism's sustainability amid U.S./G7 concerns emphasize the need for balanced dialogue.

References Included:

• Center for Global Development (2021).
• World Bank, African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, etc.