2010年-世界发展银行全球_Smart_Green_Infrastructure_in_Tiger_Range_Countries___A_Multi-Level_Approach_80页_9mb

Smart Green Infrastructure in Tiger Range Countries: A Multi-Level Approach

Core Content

This report, authored by Juan D. Quintero, Roberto Roca, Alexis Morgan, Aradhna Mathur, and Xiaoxin Shi, is part of the World Bank's Technical Assistance Program focused on Strategic Environmental Assessments in the East Asia and Pacific Region. It outlines a multi-level approach to developing Smart Green Infrastructure (SGI) in tiger range countries (TRCs) to mitigate the negative impacts of infrastructure on tiger conservation while promoting sustainable development.

The report emphasizes the critical role of infrastructure development in habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation, which are key drivers of tiger decline. It highlights the importance of integrating tiger-friendly practices into infrastructure planning at the international, national, sectoral, and project levels.

Main Points

1. Tiger Conservation Challenges

• Tigers are critically endangered due to poaching, illegal trade, habitat loss, and fragmentation.
• The wild tiger population has declined by 95% over the last century, from an estimated 100,000 to about 3,500 today.
• Tigers are divided into six living subspecies and three extinct ones.
• Infrastructure development is a significant contributor to tiger habitat degradation, particularly in the form of roads, mining, and hydroelectric projects.

2. Smart Green Infrastructure (SGI)

• SGI is defined as infrastructure that avoids tiger habitats, minimizes adverse impacts through design, and compensates for any remaining damage to achieve a net positive impact.
• The report promotes a mitigation hierarchy of avoidance, mitigation, minimization, and compensation to guide infrastructure development in tiger conservation landscapes (TCLs).

3. Multi-Level Approach

• International Level: Emphasizes transboundary conservation efforts, expanding protected areas, and establishing "no-go" zones for infrastructure in core tiger habitats.
• National Level: Suggests regulatory and fiscal policies to promote SGI, including land-use planning, tiger corridor planning, environmental impact assessments (EIAs), and strategic environmental assessments (SEAs).
• Sectoral Level: Encourages industry leaders to adopt tiger-friendly goals, stakeholder engagement, and biodiversity offsets.
• Project Level: Highlights the need for careful design, community engagement, monitoring, and adaptive management to reduce ecological disruption.

Key Information

1. Tiger Conservation Landscapes (TCLs)

• TCLs are priority areas for tiger conservation and are critical to maintaining tiger populations and ecosystem integrity.
• The largest TCLs are in Myanmar, Russia, India, Thailand, Indonesia, and Cambodia.
• These areas face significant challenges from human population growth and development pressures.

2. Impact of Infrastructure on Tigers

• Roads are a major source of habitat fragmentation and poaching.
• Mining and hydroelectric projects can also lead to habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity.
• The report discusses case studies such as the Simpang Pulai-Kuala Berang Wildlife Viaducts in Malaysia and the re-routing of Russia's Siberian Pipeline to protect endangered species.

3. Priority Actions

• Funding agencies should prioritize tiger-friendly infrastructure and support conservation efforts.
• Governments need to designate core tiger habitats as "no-go" areas and implement strict environmental policies.
• Businesses and industries should integrate tiger conservation goals into their planning and operations.
• Engineers and planners must consider ecological impacts and community needs in infrastructure design.

4. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)

• ESIA is a key tool for integrating tiger conservation into infrastructure projects.
• It supports decision-making and policy development to ensure environmental sustainability.

5. Role of Stakeholders

• The World Bank, NGOs, and international organizations have played a vital role in advocating for tiger conservation.
• Peer reviews and expert input have been crucial in shaping the report's recommendations.

Conclusion

The report concludes that infrastructure development must be made more sustainable and tiger-friendly to ensure the long-term survival of tigers and their ecosystems. It calls for coordinated efforts at all levels to protect core habitats, reduce human-tiger conflict, and support conservation initiatives.

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Main Recommendations

• Avoid infrastructure development in core tiger habitats.
• Minimize and mitigate adverse impacts through tiger-friendly design.
• Compensate for unavoidable impacts through biodiversity offsets.
• Integrate tiger conservation into national policies, sectoral planning, and project implementation.
• Promote community engagement and awareness to ensure support for conservation.

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Key Figures and Tables

• Figure 1: Shows the impact of transportation infrastructure on wildlife.
• Table 1: Outlines the mitigation hierarchy.
• Table 2: Summarizes national policy options.
• Table 3: Summarizes voluntary sectoral options.
• Table 4: Lists environmental issues in hydroelectric planning.
• Table 5: Summarizes project-level options.
• Table 6: Provides a full summary of multi-level options.

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Appendices

• Appendix A: Contains an assessment matrix of tiger-friendly policies and practices in TRCs.
• Appendix B: Includes case studies of best practices in tiger-friendly infrastructure.
• Appendix C: Describes Smart Green Infrastructure (SGI) options.
• Appendix D: Provides SGI planning flowchart and GIS mapping examples.
• Appendix E–L: Include sector-specific recommendations and case studies on tiger-friendly infrastructure.