2024-06-10-IEA-拉脱维亚2024-能源政策审查（英）_97页_2mb

Latvia 2024 Energy Policy Review Summary

Executive Summary

• Latvia is advancing its energy transition, with a focus on renewable electricity (76% of domestic generation) and reducing dependence on Russian energy imports.
• Key national targets include a 65% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 and climate neutrality by 2050.
• Challenges include grid integration issues, energy efficiency improvements, and implementing sectoral roadmaps to align with EU regulations and accelerate decarbonization.

General Energy Policy

• Latvia updated its National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) to meet stricter EU targets, creating a new Ministry of Climate and Energy for streamlined policy implementation.
• Energy policy is closely linked with EU directives, especially post-Fit for 55, focusing on reducing import dependency and increasing renewables.

Energy and Climate Change

• Over half of Latvia's GHG emissions are from non-ETS sectors like transport and buildings, missing binding climate targets.
• Limited progress has been made on bioenergy and urged to strengthen climate policies, especially in the transport sector, to meet 2030 emission reduction goals.

Energy Efficiency

• The largest energy consumer is buildings, with nearly half of total final energy consumption. Low building insulation rates and outdated heating
  systems are significant barriers to energy savings.
• Investment in energy-efficient renovations is needed, supported by existing EU funds. There is potential to improve energy savings through policy changes.

Renewables

• Renewables dominate electricity generation, mostly from hydro and bioenergy. Opportunities exist for expanding wind and solar power but it is slow due to permitting bottlenecks and limited grid capacity.
• Latvia needs a clear roadmap to simplify permitting processes and facilitate new renewable projects to meet renewable energy targets.

Research, Development and Innovation

• Energy-related R&D spending is low compared to the EU average. Innovation is being promoted in renewable energy technologies through existing programs, but a dedicated energy RD&I strategy is missing.

Electricity

• Grid integration issues are challenging the expansion of variable renewable resources. Steps are being taken to desynchronize from the Russian grid and upgrade infrastructure.
• Desynchronisation with Russia is scheduled for early 2025 and will require coordination with surrounding countries to maintain energy security.

Natural Gas

• The country is diversifying import routes through LNG via Lithuania and Finland due to a ban on pipeline imports from Russia. Increased storage capacity and interconnection infrastructure will support energy security.
• Pursuing renewable gases (biomethane) through regulatory frameworks and private sector collaboration.

Oil

• Heavy dependence on imported oil products remains a concern, with transit networks and storage terminals key to maintaining supply.
• Reducing oil consumption through policies and electrification efforts in transport and buildings is a priority, particularly in light of decarbonization goals.

Recommendations

• Strengthen policy coordination across sectors, directly address non-ETS emissions, and expand renewable energy capacity.
• Finalize sectoral roadmaps for electricity, transport, heating and renewable use; improve grid integration and energy storage systems.
• Increase R&D spending focused on climate technologies; maintain market access options for clean energy delivery.