2024-02-10-世界银行-识别促进发展（ID4D）_喀麦隆识别系统的诊断_103页_3mb

报告摘要

ID4D Diagnostic: Analysis of Cameroon's Civil Registration and Identification Systems

1. Introduction

Approximately 7.5 million Cameroonians, or one in three people, lack official forms of identification, such as birth certificates or national ID cards. This includes over one-third of children not having birth registrations and more than half lacking birth certificates. The absence of identity documents disproportionately affects women, rural populations, youth, and marginalized groups, limiting access to essential services like education, financial inclusion, and social protection. Modernizing the ID and civil registration (CR) ecosystems is critical for inclusive development and aligns with Sustainable Development Goals.

2. Current ID and CR Systems

2.1 Overview of the ID Ecosystem

Cameroon's ID system, introduced in 1994, has 82.8% adult coverage but faces challenges like limited accessibility due to geographic disparities, indirect costs, and procedural complexities. It lacks interoperability with CR systems and suffers from slow card production. The CR system remains paper-based and decentralized, with only 62% of children under five registered. Key institutions include BUNEC (Civil Registration) and DGSN (National Bureau of Civil Status), but coordination mechanisms are suboptimal.

2.2 Eligibility and Coverage

Birth Registration: Only 62% of children under five are registered, with significant urban-rural disparities (80% in urban areas vs. 42% in the far north).
ID Coverage: 82.8% of adults have a national ID card, but 2.5 million adults remain unregistered. Coverage gaps persist due to distance to centers, affordability, and documentation requirements.
Vulnerable Groups: Minorities, rural populations, and internally displaced persons (IDPs) face exclusion, hindering service access.

2.3 Procedures and IT Systems

CR Procedures: Require multiple judicial steps for late registration and document replacement, leading to long delays and high costs.
ID Procedures: Involve at least four trips, with processing times exceeding one year. Digital initiatives aim to centralize data but suffer from connectivity and funding issues.
IT Integration: No interoperability exists between CR and ID systems, limiting verification and authentication. Opportunities for digitization include shared databases and biometric deduplication.

3. Legal and Institutional Frameworks

Current laws enable some digitalization but require updates for streamlined processes. Gaps include:

CR Law: Hinders digitization; multiple registration routes create confusion.
ID System: Lacks clear legal alignment with CR and digital verification standards.
Digital Governance: Absence of a data protection law and cybercrime framework risks misuse of personal data.

4. Sectoral Demands for Identification

Identity verification is crucial across sectors, including education, finance, health, and social protection. For example:

Education: Requires birth certificates for school enrollment, affecting access to higher education.
Finance: Excludes over half of adults from formal accounts, limiting financial inclusion via mobile money and banking.
Health: Needs better patient records for continuum of care.
Social Protection: Fraus in beneficiary verification strain programs like COVID-19 cash transfers.

5. Recommendations for Modernization

5.1 CR System Improvements

Adopt legal provisions for digital registration, simplifying late registration and document issuance.
Enhance geographic accessibility through mobile units and awareness campaigns.
Establish a national CR database with interoperability and digitization of legacy data.