NASA-《国家空间探索行动报告》（英文）-2018.9-21页-1mb

National Space Exploration Campaign Report Summary

Core Content

The National Space Exploration Campaign Report outlines NASA's strategy to advance human space exploration, with a focus on returning to the Moon and preparing for future missions to Mars. The report is aligned with the NASA Transition Authorization Act of 2017 and President Trump's Space Policy Directive-1, which calls for a sustainable and innovative approach to space exploration with commercial and international partnerships.

Main Objectives

The campaign has five strategic goals:

1. Transition U.S. human spaceflight in LEO to commercial operations that support NASA and the emerging commercial economy.
2. Lead the emplacement of capabilities to support lunar surface operations and facilitate missions beyond cislunar space.
3. Foster scientific discovery and characterization of lunar resources through robotic missions.
4. Return U.S. astronauts to the Moon for a sustained campaign of exploration and utilization.
5. Demonstrate on the Moon the capabilities required for human missions to Mars and other destinations.

Key Viewpoints

• The Moon as a Strategic Destination: The Moon is seen as a critical stepping stone for future exploration, with potential resources such as water that can support human activity and fuel deeper space missions.
• The Gateway: NASA is developing a lunar orbiting platform called the Gateway, which will serve as a hub for deep space exploration, enabling long-duration stays, safe returns, and the testing of new technologies.
• Human and Robotic Collaboration: The campaign emphasizes a synergy between human and robotic exploration, using robotic missions to validate findings and prepare for human presence.
• Commercial Partnerships: The report highlights the importance of commercial companies in supporting lunar and deep space missions, including the development of launch vehicles, landers, and surface technologies.
• Technological Innovation: NASA is investing in new technologies such as in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), advanced propulsion systems, and long-duration life support systems.

Critical Decisions and Milestones

Lunar Orbit

• 2018: Decision to develop the Gateway, establish commercial and international partnerships, and finalize its configuration.
• 2019: Determine Gateway requirements and orbital parameters, focusing on affordability and accessibility.
• 2020: Launch SLS/Orion EM-1, an uncrewed mission to the lunar vicinity. Initiate scientific payload development for the Gateway.
• 2022: Conduct crewed flight, EM-2, sending Americans around the Moon. Place the first Gateway element (PPE) in lunar orbit.
• Post-2024: Assess the need for propellant depots in lunar orbit and determine the evolution of the Gateway.

Lunar Surface

• 2018: Procure commercial lunar payload services starting in 2019. Establish the Lunar Discovery and Exploration Program.
• 2019: Make early decisions on the architecture of the lunar exploration program. Plan for a demonstration mission of human-class lunar lander capability.
• 2020: Begin development and procurement of additional elements for human lunar surface return, such as the human cabin and ascent vehicle.
• 2021: Decide whether to procure commercial launch services for a second resource and science rover mission or to develop it in-house.
• 2022: Based on the results of the 2022 lunar mission, decide on the acceleration of ISRU systems or maintain baseline R&D.
• 2024: Based on the status of human-class lander capabilities and other mission enhancements, determine the date and method for human lunar surface return and set mission objectives.
• Post-2024: Determine the nature of a sustainable American human presence on the Moon, considering cost, technology, and private-sector demand.

International and Commercial Engagement

• The Moon is becoming a focal point for global exploration, with countries like China, India, Russia, and multiple European nations planning lunar missions.
• NASA is working with both international partners and the commercial sector to build the infrastructure necessary for lunar and deep space exploration.
• The Gateway will serve as a platform for collaboration, enabling the assembly of payloads and systems for future missions and acting as a reusable command module for lunar exploration.

Benefits to Society

• The campaign aims to improve the lives of people on Earth by leveraging space exploration for technological and scientific advancements.
• Innovations in space will have applications in areas such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental science, with potential economic benefits from the development of new markets and industries.

Conclusion

The National Space Exploration Campaign represents a new era in space exploration, building on the legacy of the International Space Station and focusing on sustainable and innovative approaches to lunar and interplanetary missions. It emphasizes the importance of technology, partnerships, and the commercial space sector in achieving long-term space goals, while also providing benefits to society through scientific and technological progress.