2001年-世界发展银行全球_Technology_Assessment_of_Clean_Coal_Technologies_for_China___Volume_3_Environmental_Compliance_in_the_Energy_Sector_93页_877kb

Summary of "Technology Assessment of Clean Coal Technologies for China: Volume 3—Environmental Compliance in the Energy Sector: Methodological Approach and Least-Cost Strategies"

Core Content

This document presents a comprehensive technology assessment of clean coal technologies (CCT) in China, with a focus on environmental compliance in the energy sector. It outlines the methodology and key findings from three case studies: Shanghai Municipality and the provinces of Henan and Hunan. The goal is to identify the least-cost strategies for reducing environmental pollution from four main pollutants: particulates, SO₂, NOₓ, and CO₂, across both power and non-power sectors.

Main Objectives

• To develop a methodology for assessing the cost-effectiveness of environmental control options in China.
• To identify least-cost strategies for reducing emissions from the power and non-power sectors.
• To apply the methodology to Shanghai, Henan, and Hunan to demonstrate its effectiveness and build indigenous capacity for future assessments.

Key Findings

Environmental Compliance Options

• Particulates Control:

  • Non-power sectors are the main source of particulate emissions (78% in Shanghai, 84% in Henan, and 87% in Hunan).
  • Power sector particulate emissions are expected to decline due to the use of higher quality coal, retirement of small-inefficient plants, and installation of high-efficiency electrostatic precipitators (ESPs).
  • The most cost-effective options for further reduction include the use of gas and briquettes in households, coal washing, and ESP installation in small power plants.

• SO₂ Control:

  • Non-power sectors remain the largest contributors to SO₂ emissions.
  • Cost-effective options include:
    • Use of coal briquettes in residential and industrial sectors.
    • Coal washing in all sectors.
    • Simplified FGD in selected power plants that burn medium-to-high sulfur coal.
  • In Henan, simplified and wet FGDs on existing and new power plants are identified as key options for stabilizing SO₂ emissions.
  • The cost of SO₂ control is generally higher than the environmental damage cost, suggesting a need for careful policy design.

• NOₓ Control:

  • NOₓ emissions are expected to become a growing problem in the near future.
  • Cost-effective technologies include:
    • Low NOₓ burners in new power plants.
    • Combustion tuning/optimization and low NOₓ burners in existing power plants.
  • These technologies are recommended to address increasing NOₓ emissions, especially in urban areas.

• CO₂ Control:

  • While not the focus of this volume, CO₂ is mentioned as one of the four pollutants under consideration for environmental compliance.

Environmental Externalities

• Environmental externalities are evaluated to quantify the economic impact of pollution.
• The methodology uses dispersion modeling and adjusts values based on local GDP and population density.
• Externality values for Shanghai, Henan, and Hunan are presented in Table 1, showing that Shanghai has the highest costs due to its higher population density.

Methodological Approach

• The methodology involves four steps:

  1. Establishing baseline energy demand and emissions scenarios.
  2. Screening environmental control options based on cost-effectiveness.
  3. Conducting an environmental externality analysis.
  4. Developing least-cost plans under environmental constraints.

• The methodology is applied using models such as MAED, WASP, and GESP II, which are adapted for the specific conditions of each region.

• Scenario analysis is used to evaluate different environmental control strategies and their impact on the overall cost and effectiveness of pollution reduction.

Key Recommendations

• Non-power sector options are generally more cost-effective than power sector options for reducing pollution.
• A system-level analysis is essential for evaluating environmental control strategies and policy options.
• The use of low NOₓ burners, coal washing, and simplified FGDs is recommended for reducing emissions in both power and non-power sectors.
• Environmental externalities should be incorporated into energy planning to guide the development of least-cost strategies.
• A phased implementation plan for non-power sector control options is suggested to ensure gradual and effective compliance with environmental regulations.

Conclusion

The study confirms that a combination of technological improvements, policy measures, and economic incentives is necessary to achieve environmental compliance in China's energy sector. By focusing on cost-effective control options and incorporating environmental externalities into planning, the methodology provides a valuable tool for future policy development and environmental management in China.

Key Information

• Pollution Sources:

  • Coal combustion is the primary source of pollution.
  • Non-power sectors contribute significantly to particulate and SO₂ emissions.

• Economic Impact:

  • Environmental damage costs are substantial, with annual losses estimated at $544 billion in 1995.
  • Indoor air pollution from coal and biomass is responsible for 111,000 premature deaths annually in China.

• Government Initiatives:

  • Environmental regulations have been tightened, especially in the power and non-power sectors.
  • Policies such as emission fees and the creation of acid rain and SO₂ control zones are in place.

• Methodological Tools:

  • MAED, WASP, and GESP II are used for energy demand forecasting and emissions analysis.
  • Dispersion modeling is used to estimate environmental damage and control effectiveness.

• Cost-Effectiveness:

  • Non-power sector control options are more cost-effective than power sector options.
  • The cost of pollution control is relatively low compared to the environmental damage it prevents.

Table of Environmental Externality Values