2014年-世界发展银行全球_Baseline_and_Feasibility_Assessment_for_Alternative_Cooking_Fuels_in_Senegal_86页_2mb

Summary of Baseline and Feasibility Assessment for Alternative Cooking Fuels in Senegal

Core Content

This report, commissioned by the World Bank, evaluates the feasibility of introducing four alternative cooking fuels in Senegal: briquettes in Dakar, ethanol in Saint-Louis, biogas in Kaolack, and pure plant oil (PPO) in Tambacounda. It aims to inform stakeholders, including the Ministry of Energy and Mines, NGOs, and private sector actors, on strategies to promote the sustainable and widespread use of these fuels.

The study highlights the current reliance of Senegalese households, especially in rural areas, on solid fuels such as charcoal and firewood, which contribute to significant health, economic, social, and environmental challenges. The withdrawal of LPG subsidies in 2009 led to a decline in LPG usage, and charcoal has become increasingly popular in urban areas, particularly in Dakar.

Main Findings

1. Overview of the Cooking Sector

• Senegal has a population of 12 million, with 7.3 million in rural areas and 5.2 million in urban areas.
• The country is divided into 14 regions, with Dakar being the most densely populated.
• Over 90% of rural households use solid fuels for cooking, including charcoal, firewood, dung, and agricultural residues.
• LPG was previously supported by a subsidy program in the 1970s, but its use declined significantly after the subsidies were removed in 2009.
• Indoor air pollution from solid fuel use is a major contributor to health issues, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

2. Alternative Fuel Feasibility

3. Key Regions and Fuel Analysis

Briquettes in Dakar

• Demand: High in both urban and peri-urban areas.
• Supply: Limited, with informal supply chains.
• Costs: Briquettes cost CFAF 15.1–23.2/MJ, cheaper than charcoal and LPG.
• Recommendations: Promote awareness campaigns, improve production quality, and scale up production to meet demand.

Ethanol in Saint-Louis

• Demand: High in urban areas, especially for households using charcoal and LPG.
• Supply: Potential exists through sugar cane residue, but initial cost is high (CFAF 320 per litre).
• Costs: Ethanol is more expensive than briquettes but cheaper than LPG.
• Recommendations: Pilot project with CSS (Compagnie Sucrière Sénégalaise) to supply 1,500 households with ethanol.

Biogas in Kaolack

• Demand: High in rural areas, with strong interest in adopting the technology.
• Supply: Limited, with few suppliers and low profit margins.
• Costs: Payback period for a 4m³ biodigester is 1–1.3 years.
• Recommendations: Develop a national biogas program, support local suppliers and microfinance institutions, and enhance awareness and training.

PPO in Tambacounda

• Demand: Low due to high cost and lack of competitiveness against biomass fuels.
• Supply: Potential using Jatropha curcas, but limited success in previous initiatives.
• Costs: PPO costs CFAF 35.4/MJ, significantly higher than biomass fuels.
• Recommendations: Explore alternative uses for PPO such as machinery and basic electrification, not just cooking.

Key Information

• The National Domestic Biogas Programme (PNB-SN) is a key initiative that provides subsidies and loans for biogas adoption.
• Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews were used to gather data on consumer preferences, awareness, and willingness to pay.
• Briquetting is seen as a viable alternative to charcoal and firewood in Dakar, with potential for cleaner and cheaper cooking if produced at scale.
• Ethanol is feasible in Saint-Louis, particularly for urban households, with a pilot project proposed.
• Biogas shows strong potential in rural Kaolack, but requires support for both supply and demand.
• PPO is not currently a feasible alternative for cooking in Tambacounda due to high costs and low competitiveness, but has potential for other applications.

Methodology

• Region Selection: Four regions were chosen based on their socio-economic and environmental conditions.
• Survey Tools: Used to collect data on fuel use, awareness, and willingness to pay.
• Pre-test and Revision: Ensured the reliability of data collection tools.
• Feasibility Analysis: Included cost comparisons, supply chain assessments, and consumer behavior studies.

Conclusion

The study concludes that briquettes, ethanol, and biogas have high feasibility in their respective regions, while PPO remains low feasibility for household cooking. A national campaign and targeted support for local suppliers and microfinance institutions are essential for scaling up these alternatives. The report recommends that the government and stakeholders should work together to promote sustainable and clean cooking solutions across Senegal.