世界银行-绿色传输：背景、原理和规划方法（英）-2023.7-28页_621kb

Transmission plays a critical role in energy transitions and decarbonization by enabling clean energy generation, but it is often overlooked in favor of scaling up renewables. This report argues for a holistic, long-term planning approach for transmission to address bottlenecks that delay renewable projects. Key findings include:

• Transmission is essential for integrating variable renewable energy (RE), managing grid variability, and supporting energy storage. Upgrades and expansions are needed to accommodate remote RE hubs and ensure grid reliability.

• Financing for transmission projects is challenging due to high upfront costs, regulatory hurdles, permitting delays, and land acquisition issues. Innovative financing mechanisms, such as public-private partnerships (PPPs) and Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs), can attract investment.

• A co-optimized generation-transmission planning model using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) balances technical rigor and computational feasibility, capturing system constraints and carbon limits. This model helps prioritize transmission projects using shadow prices, highlighting the marginal investment per ton of CO₂ reduction.

• Green transmission projects must be broadly defined to include not just direct connections to clean generation, but also grid upgrades, digitalization, and smart grid technologies that enhance transmission capacity and efficiency.

• Case studies demonstrate that short-term transmission investments may increase emissions but are crucial for long-term decarbonization and cost-effectiveness. For example, B-2-C grid upgrades facilitated renewable deployment and reduced system costs.

• Recommendations include integrating transmission planning into energy policies, adopting innovative business models, and refining eligibility criteria for climate finance to support sustainable transmission development. Addressing myopic definitions of green transmission can unlock broader investments and accelerate energy transitions.

In essence, transmission planning must be prioritized to achieve energy goals, requiring a shift from reactive to proactive approaches with sufficient funding and policy support.