2002-12-16-皮尤-Pew_Hispanic_Center_Kaiser_Family_Foundation_2002_National_Survey_Of_Latinos_104页_1mb

2002 National Survey of Latinos: Summary of Findings

Core Content

The 2002 National Survey of Latinos by the Pew Hispanic Center and the Kaiser Family Foundation explores the attitudes and experiences of the U.S. Latino population across various domains, including identity, assimilation, discrimination, economic status, and health care. The survey included nearly 3,000 respondents from diverse backgrounds, allowing for a nuanced understanding of the population's complexity and diversity.

Main Points

Identity

• Self-identification: 88% of Latinos use the term based on their country of origin (e.g., "Mexican," "Cuban") to describe themselves. 81% use "Latino" or "Hispanic," while only 53% use "American."
• Preference for broader terms: About one in five (21%) identify as "American" primarily.
• Generational differences:
  • Foreign-born Latinos: 68% identify by country of origin.
  • Second generation (U.S.-born children of immigrants): 38% identify by parents’ origin, 35% identify as American.
  • Third generation or higher: 57% identify as American.
• Racial identity: Most Hispanics (56%) do not fit into traditional U.S. racial categories and either identify as Latino/Hispanic (47%) or prefer that label (9%).

Assimilation

• Views on the U.S.: Latinos are generally positive about opportunities in the U.S. and believe that their children will have better prospects than they did.
• Social values: Latinos, especially those who speak Spanish, tend to hold more conservative views on social issues than non-Hispanic whites, but similar to African Americans.
• Language and culture:
  • Spanish is the dominant language among adult Latinos, though English gains prominence in the second generation.
  • English-dominant and native-born Latinos tend to have more mainstream social values and are less fatalistic.
  • However, even after multiple generations, Latinos maintain distinct views on family and the role of government.
• Fatalism: Foreign-born Latinos, especially those who arrived after age 10, are more likely to believe that fate determines the future.

Discrimination

• Perception of discrimination: 83% of Hispanics believe that discrimination against Latinos is a problem, with 47% considering it a major issue.
• Internal discrimination: Many Hispanics attribute discrimination to differences in income, education, and country of origin.
• Personal experiences:
  • 31% of Hispanics report experiencing or witnessing discrimination in the past five years.
  • 14% report employment-related discrimination.
• Subtle discrimination:
  • 45% feel treated with less respect.
  • 41% receive poorer service.
  • 30% are insulted or called names.
• Reasons for discrimination: Language (35%), physical appearance (24%), and both (20%) are the most commonly cited reasons.

Economic and Financial Experiences

• Income disparities: Latinos report lower household incomes compared to whites, with 50% earning less than $30,000 annually.
• Financial resources: Latinos are less likely to use traditional financial tools such as bank accounts and credit cards.
• Financial hardships: Lower-income Latinos experience more severe financial difficulties.
• Generational differences:
  • U.S.-born and English-speaking Latinos are more likely to have higher incomes and fewer financial hardships.
  • They are also more optimistic about the financial future of their children.

Health Care Experiences

• Health insurance: 35% of Latinos are uninsured, compared to 14% of whites and 21% of African Americans.
• Uninsured differences:
  • Foreign-born and Spanish-dominant Latinos are more likely to be uninsured.
  • Those from Central or South America, Mexico, or El Salvador are more likely to be uninsured than those from Puerto Rico, Cuba, or the Dominican Republic.
• Health care challenges:
  • 22% have problems paying medical bills.
  • 20% delay care due to costs.
  • 15% report not receiving needed care.
  • 29% face communication issues due to language barriers.
  • 18% report difficulty in accessing care due to race or ethnicity.

Key Subgroups

Latino/African American/White

• Latinos (2,929 respondents) are defined as those of Hispanic or Latin origin.
• African Americans (171) and whites (1,008) are non-Latino groups.
• Income comparison: Latinos and African Americans have similar lower incomes compared to whites.

Foreign-Born/Native-Born Latinos

• Foreign-born (63%) are more likely to be Spanish-dominant and have lower incomes.
• Native-born (37%) are more likely to be English-dominant and have higher incomes.

Primary Language

• English-dominant: 61% of native-born vs. 4% of foreign-born.
• Bilingual: 35% of native-born vs. 24% of foreign-born.
• Spanish-dominant: 72% of foreign-born vs. 4% of native-born.

Education

• Foreign-born: 55% have less than a high school education.
• Native-born: 35% have completed high school, 29% have some college, and 13% have graduated from college or received a degree.

Age at Immigration

• 10 years or younger: More likely to be English-dominant and have higher income.
• 11-17: 70% bilingual, 11% Spanish-dominant.
• 18-25: 31% bilingual, 66% Spanish-dominant.
• 26+: 15% bilingual, 84% Spanish-dominant.

Generation

• First generation: 63% of Latinos, including 5% born in Puerto Rico.
• Second generation: 19% of Latinos, born in the U.S. to immigrant parents.
• Third generation or higher: 17% of Latinos, born in the U.S. to U.S.-born parents.

Conclusion

The survey reveals that the U.S. Latino population is not a monolithic group but a diverse one, shaped by factors such as country of origin, language, and generation. While they share certain values and attitudes, such as a strong emphasis on family and a generally favorable view of government, there are significant differences between foreign-born and native-born Latinos, and between those who are English-dominant and Spanish-dominant. These findings suggest the need for a more nuanced and dynamic understanding of the Latino community in the U.S.