2012年-世界发展银行全球_Kingdom_of_Morocco___Promoting_Youth_Opportunities_and_Participation_163页_3mb

Summary of Report No. 68731 - MOR

Core Content

This report, prepared just before the Arab Spring, analyzes the challenges facing Moroccan youth in the labor market and broader civic life, and proposes strategies for promoting their opportunities and participation. It combines quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive understanding of youth exclusion and its social and economic consequences.

Main Challenges Facing Moroccan Youth

• High levels of exclusion: Nearly half of Moroccan youth are neither in school nor in the workforce, indicating a significant portion of the youth population is inactive.
• Unemployment and underemployment: The youth unemployment rate is high, with 22% for males and 38% for females. Many unemployed youth have little or no education, with only 5% having tertiary education.
• Poor job quality: Most employed youth (about 88%) work without a formal contract, often in the informal sector. They face issues such as low pay, heavy workloads, long hours, and poor working conditions.
• Gender disparities: Young women face more social and familial barriers to employment, leading to lower participation rates, although many, especially tertiary graduates, express strong expectations of working.
• Lack of support structures: Youth report feeling isolated and frustrated due to limited opportunities for social and civic engagement. Few institutions offer structured recreational or social activities, leading many to turn to the internet and social media.

Youth Participation in Social and Civic Life

• Low engagement: Moroccan youth spend most of their time on unstructured personal activities, with minimal participation in volunteer work or civic activities.
• Concerns about exclusion: Exclusion from economic and civic life leads to idleness, isolation, and frustration, increasing the risk of high-risk behaviors such as drug use and crime.
• Need for structured engagement: There is a need for more productive and socially constructive activities to engage youth in civic life, including volunteer work and community development.

Analysis of Existing Youth Programs and Services

• Program diversity: A wide range of programs and services exist, including employment, training, community participation, and recreational activities.
• Key programs:
  • ANAPEC: The public employment agency has limited reach and impact.
  • Entraide Nationale: Offers support to disadvantaged youth but faces resource challenges.
  • Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries: Provides agricultural training and support.
  • E2C (École de la Deuxième Chance): A successful model in France and EU countries offering life skills, mentoring, ICT training, and apprenticeships.
• Common constraints:
  • Fragmented coverage due to lack of coordination.
  • Under-resourced programs.
  • Inadequate staffing, especially in new and emerging skills.
  • Poor facilities and limited access.
  • Limited use of partnership mechanisms.
  • Insufficient poverty focus in programs.

Recommendations for Youth Policy and Investment

1. Integrated youth services: Develop an integrated package of services that improve existing programs and fill current gaps.
2. Employability and entrepreneurship:
   • Strengthen private sector intermediation and certification to support less educated and poorer youth.
   • Expand partnerships with public and non-governmental sectors.
   • Promote vocational training linked to job placements and entrepreneurship support.
   • Encourage the use of ICT training for more accessible and flexible learning.
3. Youth centers restructuring:
   • Reform youth centers to offer integrated services in life and social skills, employability, and active participation.
   • Enhance beneficiary targeting, outreach, and monitoring and evaluation systems.
   • Invest in and reform Foyers Féminins to better support young women.
4. Active youth participation in policy and programs:
   • Encourage youth involvement in the delivery and monitoring of services.
   • Promote co-management models where youth are recognized as stakeholders and equal partners.
   • Develop representative and elected youth councils at local and national levels to ensure constructive interaction between youth, government, and society.

Key Institutions and Acronyms

• MHYS: Morocco Household and Youth Survey
• ANAPEC: National Employment and Skills Agency
• E2C: École de la Deuxième Chance
• Entraide Nationale: National Assistance Agency
• HCP: Haut Commissariat au Plan
• MJS: Ministry of Youth and Sports
• MEN: Ministry of National Education
• OFPPT: Office for the Promotion of Vocational Training and Work

Conclusion

The report emphasizes the urgent need for a more systematic, strategic, and integrated approach to youth development in Morocco. It calls for better coordination of programs, more targeted support for disadvantaged youth, and the inclusion of youth in policy-making and civic life to foster a more inclusive and dynamic society.