2011年-世界发展银行全球_Water_Supply_and_Sanitation_in_Ethiopia___Turning_Finance_into_Services_for_2015_and_Beyond_32页_1mb

Summary of "Water Supply and Sanitation in Ethiopia: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond"

Core Content

This document presents an overview of Ethiopia's progress in water supply and sanitation, as part of the second round of AMCOW Country Status Overviews (CSO2). It evaluates the country's ability to translate financial resources into service delivery across four subsectors: rural and urban water supply, and rural and urban sanitation and hygiene. The report is based on data from local and international sources, including the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), and includes assessments and priority actions aimed at improving the effectiveness of service delivery.

Main Views

Water Supply Progress

• Ethiopia has made significant progress in water supply coverage, rising from 19% in 1990 to 66% in 2009.
• Government data indicate that Ethiopia has already met the MDG target of 60% coverage.
• The Universal Access Plan (UAP) aims for 99% coverage by 2015, which is still above the MDG target.

Sanitation Progress

• Sanitation coverage has increased from nearly zero in 1990 to 39% in 2009, with urban coverage at 88%.
• Progress is attributed to behavior change and low-cost technology, rather than public subsidies.
• Despite this, achieving the UAP target of 99% coverage by 2015 is less certain, especially due to limited investment in promotional activities.

Investment Requirements

• For water supply, total annual investment required is estimated at US$260 million, with US$169 million expected from public investment.
• Anticipated public investment is slightly below the required level, leading to an annual CAPEX deficit of around US$24 million.
• For sanitation, all investment is expected to come from households, with an annual requirement of US$795 million.

Challenges

• Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems are weak, limiting the ability to assess progress and effectiveness.
• Low financial utilization rates for donor funds are a concern, particularly in urban subsectors.
• Cost recovery for operations and maintenance (O&M) is not consistently achieved, affecting capital investment availability.

Key Information

Financial Trends

• Public investment and donor funding have increased, but utilization remains a challenge.
• The CSO2 model suggests that capital investment (CAPEX) requirements for water supply are somewhat higher than those under PASDEP-2.
• O&M costs are significant, with urban water supply requiring US$66 million annually and rural sanitation requiring US$68 million.

Institutional Framework

• Ethiopia has implemented a decentralized institutional structure for service delivery.
• The Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) is responsible for policy, coordination, and regulation.
• The establishment of Regional Water Bureaus and the devolution of responsibilities to woreda levels have been key reforms.

Sector-Wide Reforms

• Ethiopia has adopted a Sector-Wide Approach (SWAp) to harmonize donor finance and review processes.
• A Multi-Stakeholder Forum and Joint Technical Reviews have been introduced to improve coordination.
• Over 30,000 Health Extension Workers (HEWs) are involved in promoting hygiene and sanitation.

Priority Actions

• Rural Water Supply: Strengthen cost recovery mechanisms, develop spare parts supply chains, and implement the national WASH inventory.
• Urban Water Supply: Improve cost recovery policies, increase financial autonomy for town utilities, and focus on demand management and reduction of unaccounted water.
• Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Implement the sanitation and hygiene component of the WASH inventory, develop a national action plan, and create guidelines for Community-Led Total Sanitation.
• Urban Sanitation and Hygiene: Formulate a clear urban sanitation strategy, including responsibilities, investment programs, and financing strategies.

Subsector Analysis

Rural Water Supply

• Coverage increased from 11% in 1990 to 62% in 2009.
• CAPEX required: US$117 million annually.
• Public CAPEX: US$105 million; Domestic CAPEX: US$46 million; External CAPEX: US$49 million.
• Total deficit: US$13 million.

Urban Water Supply

• Coverage increased from 70% in 1990 to 89% in 2009.
• CAPEX required: US$143 million annually.
• Public CAPEX: US$64 million; Domestic CAPEX: US$3 million; External CAPEX: US$3 million.
• Total deficit: US$49 million.

Rural Sanitation

• Coverage increased from 4% in 1990 to 30% in 2009.
• CAPEX required: US$692 million annually.
• Public CAPEX: US$0; Domestic CAPEX: US$7 million; External CAPEX: US$23 million.
• Total deficit: US$30 million.

Urban Sanitation

• Coverage increased from 25% in 1990 to 88% in 2009.
• CAPEX required: US$102 million annually.
• Public CAPEX: US$0; Domestic CAPEX: US$19 million; External CAPEX: US$0.
• Total deficit: US$19 million.

Conclusion

The report highlights Ethiopia's progress in water supply and sanitation, particularly in rural areas, but identifies critical challenges in financial utilization, M&E, and institutional capacity. It outlines a series of priority actions to address these bottlenecks and ensure that financial resources are effectively translated into improved service delivery. These actions are aligned with the UAP and the broader goals of achieving universal access to water and sanitation by 2015.