世界发展银行-Diagnosing-Angola_rsquo_s-Ailing-WASH-Sector---An-Urgent-Call-to-Action_250页_29mb

Summary of Diagnosing Angola's Ailing WASH Sector

Core Content

This diagnostic report, Diagnosing Angola's Ailing WASH Sector: An Urgent Call to Action, evaluates the state of Angola's Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) sector and highlights the urgent need for reform. The report is a joint effort between the World Bank Group's Water Global Practice and the Government of Angola, focusing on the challenges and opportunities for improving WASH access and service delivery across the country.

Main Findings

Access to WASH Services

• Water: 66% of the population has access to an improved drinking water source, but this has only increased by 4% since 2000.
• Sanitation: 70% have access to improved sanitation facilities, yet 6 million people still practice open defecation.
• Hygiene: Only 42% have access to a handwashing facility, which is below the Sub-Saharan African average of 59%.
• Child Health: Limited access to WASH services is strongly correlated with childhood malnutrition and disease. Over one-third of children under five are stunted, 5% are wasted, and 19% are underweight. Diarrheal diseases are the leading cause of child mortality.

Inequalities in Access

• Access to WASH services varies significantly by location, wealth, education, and gender.
• The poorest 40% (B40) rely heavily on surface water and open defecation, while the wealthiest 60% (T60) have better access.
• Women and girls bear a disproportionate burden of water collection, and lower educational attainment correlates with lower access to WASH services.

Public Expenditure and Performance

• Only 36% of the annual WASH sector budget is executed on average, and current spending levels are less than 25% of what is needed to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• The WASH sector has not met the MDG targets for halving the proportion of people without access to water and sanitation, and it continues to lag behind the Sub-Saharan African average on several indicators.

Governance and Institutional Challenges

• Angola's WASH sector is constrained by a centralized governance structure and weak institutional capacity.
• The sector lacks a robust regulatory framework and has a poorly implemented tariff-setting process.
• There is a need for cross-sectoral collaboration and stronger institutional frameworks to improve service delivery.

Provincial Performance

• Provincial water and sanitation utilities (EPAS) face challenges in operational efficiency and financial sustainability.
• A case study of two utilities, Malanje and Lubango, reveals the importance of resilience frameworks and performance metrics in improving service delivery.

Key Messages

Key Message 1: Population Growth and Urban Migration

• Recent population growth and urban migration have slowed progress in the WASH sector and increased disparities.
• Access to improved water has stagnated, while sanitation access has improved, likely due to household contributions rather than public investment.
• Limited data and poor targeting have hindered efforts to measure and improve "safely managed" WASH services.

Key Message 2: Institutional and Governance Constraints

• The WASH sector requires a more robust institutional framework and effective governance to meet SDG targets.
• Cross-sectoral collaboration is essential to address the systemic inequalities that affect service delivery.
• The government has made progress in creating provincial utilities, but these need to be strengthened through better policy, legal, and financial frameworks.

Key Message 3: Poverty and Vulnerability

• Poverty significantly limits access to WASH services, with poor households more likely to practice open defecation and rely on surface water.
• Investments in WASH services should target the most vulnerable populations, particularly those with limited access and high disease risk.

Key Message 4: Tariff and Subsidy Frameworks

• The current tariff-setting framework is poorly implemented, and subsidies are not effectively structured.
• Operational efficiency of provincial utilities is low, with limited capacity to manage and deliver services.

Key Message 5: Need for Improved Public Expenditure

• Public expenditure on WASH is low and inefficient, with a gap between budgeted and executed funds.
• The report recommends more cost-effective means of improving service delivery and increasing investment in the WASH sector.

Key Recommendations

• Strengthen the institutional framework for WASH sector governance.
• Improve data collection and harmonization to better assess access and service delivery.
• Implement more effective tariff and subsidy frameworks.
• Increase public investment in the WASH sector, particularly in sanitation and hygiene.
• Promote public-private partnerships (PPPs) to enhance service delivery and financial sustainability.
• Address structural inequalities and improve access for the poorest and most vulnerable populations.

Supporting Information

• The report includes detailed data on access to WASH services across provinces and socioeconomic groups.
• It presents a theoretical framework for an efficient WASH sector and outlines a resilience framework for service delivery.
• Case studies and performance metrics of provincial utilities are included to highlight challenges and opportunities.

Conclusion

The report underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive reform of Angola's WASH sector to improve access, reduce disease burden, and enhance human capital. The government must take a more proactive approach in addressing institutional and governance challenges, increasing public investment, and implementing effective policies to meet the SDGs and improve the quality of life for Angolans.