2002年-世界发展银行全球_Maldives___Public_Expenditure_Review_136页_8mb

报告摘要

Maldives Public Expenditure Review Summary

Core Content

This report, prepared by a joint team from the Government of Maldives, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), provides an overview of the country's public expenditure management and its impact on development and poverty reduction. The review focuses on improving the effectiveness and poverty orientation of public spending, while maintaining fiscal sustainability and enhancing transparency and accountability.

Main Points

Economic and Social Progress

Maldives has made significant economic and social progress over the last two decades.
Annual real GDP growth has averaged over 9% and real per capita income has grown over threefold since the late 1970s.
Life expectancy at birth increased by 16 years, infant mortality was halved, and the adult literacy rate reached 98%.
Despite these achievements, income poverty remains a significant issue, particularly in the outer atolls.

Regional Disparities

The capital, Malé, has a much higher standard of living compared to the outer atolls.
The outer atolls, which are highly dispersed and sparsely populated, face higher unit costs in providing social and infrastructure services.
Public expenditures are sizable, averaging around 40% of GDP, due to these structural challenges.

Development Objectives

The Government of Maldives aims to improve living standards, especially in the outer atolls.
The National Vision 2020 and the Draft Sixth National Development Plan (SNDP) highlight the need to sustain economic and social progress.
Key policy challenges include strengthening the macroeconomic framework, protecting the marine environment, enhancing human development, and improving the policy environment for tourism, fisheries, land-use, and urban development.

Public Expenditure Management (PEM)

Public expenditure management is critical to achieving these development objectives.
The report evaluates the growth and poverty focus of government expenditure programs.
It identifies the need to rationalize and re-orient public expenditures to create more benefits for the poor.
A menu of options is proposed to enhance the development effectiveness and poverty orientation of public expenditures.

Key Information

Currency Equivalents

The Maldives rufiyaa (Rf) is fixed at Rf12.80 per US$ since July 25, 2001.
Annual exchange rates from 1992 to 2001 show a gradual increase in the value of the rufiyaa against the US$.

Fiscal Year

The fiscal year runs from January 1 to December 31.

Key Officials

Minister of State for Finance and Treasury: Mohamed Jaleel
Executive Director (MOFT): Rituwan Shareef
Task Coordinator (MOFT): Ismail Ali Manik

World Bank Officials

Vice President: Mieko Nishimizu
Country Director: Marilou Jane D. Uy
Sector Director: Sadiq Ahmed
Task Leader: Tercan Baysan

ADB Officials

Task Coordinator: Hideaki Imamura

Abbreviations

ADB: Asian Development Bank
MMA: Maldives Monetary Authority
AG: Auditor General
MNSL: Maldives National Shipping Limited
AMCC: Aid Management and Coordination Committee
BOM: Bank of Maldives
CEM: Country Economic Memorandum
FMIS: Financial Management Information System
FNDP: Fifth National Development Plan
FRMR: Fisheries Resources Management Regime
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
GEF: Global Environment Facility
GST: Goods and Service Tax
HNP: Health, Nutrition, and Population
IDA: International Development Association
IDC: Island Development Committees
IMF: International Monetary Fund
JFPR: Japan Fund for Poverty Reduction
KFED: Kuwait Fund for Economic Development
MPA: Maldives Port Authority
MCH: Maternal and Child Health
MCPW: Ministry of Construction and Public Works
MHAHE: Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment
MHUDB: Maldives Housing and Urban Development Board
MIFCO: Maldives Industrial Fisheries Company
MTCA: Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation
MTEP: Medium-Term Expenditure Program
MTCC: Maldives Transport and Contacting Company
NDP: National Development Plan
NDR: Northern Development Region
NGO: Non-Governmental Organization
SDR: Southern Development Region
SHE: Society for Health Education
SOE: State Owned Enterprise
STO: State Trading Organization
STELCO: State Electricity Company Limited
VPA: Vulnerability and Poverty Assessment

Economic Indicators

GDP growth rate: 5.0% (1981-91), 4.6% (1991-01), 2.1% (2000), and 1.9% (2001).
Exports of goods and services: increased significantly from 1981 to 2001.
Imports of goods and services: also increased, with the ratio of imports to GDP rising.
Current account balance: remained negative throughout the period, with a worsening trend.
Total debt/GDP: increased from 33.2% in 1991 to 40.2% in 2001.
Net flows from official grants: increased from 1995 to 2000.

Public Expenditure

The Government of Maldives spends around 40% of GDP on public expenditures.
Public expenditures have increased in social sectors, especially in the second half of the 1990s.
There are more infrastructure programs benefiting the outer atolls, such as rural electrification, water and sanitation, and harbor development.

Sectoral Expenditures

Education: Public expenditure on education has increased significantly, with a focus on improving access and quality.
Health, Nutrition, and Population (HNP): The Government has made significant investments in the HNP sector, with a focus on improving health outcomes and reducing infant mortality.
Infrastructure: The Government has implemented several infrastructure programs to improve the living standards of the population, especially in the outer atolls.

Recommendations

The report recommends several reforms to strengthen public expenditure management and enhance the development impact of public expenditures.
These include rationalizing and re-orienting public expenditures, improving transparency and accountability in the use of public resources, and enhancing the development effectiveness of sectoral expenditure programs.

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