2013年-世界发展银行全球_Burkina_Faso___Non-Monetary_Poverty_and_Gender_Inequalities_1993-2010_Trends_25页_949kb

Summary of Non-Monetary Poverty and Gender Inequalities in Burkina Faso: 1993-2010 Trends

Core Content

This policy note analyzes the trends in non-monetary poverty and gender inequalities in Burkina Faso between 1993 and 2010, focusing on various dimensions of welfare such as housing, access to basic services, asset ownership, health and nutrition, and education. The study uses data from four Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 1993, 1998-99, 2003, and 2010, and employs the "dashboard" approach combined with multidimensional poverty analysis.

Main Points

1. Monetary vs. Non-Monetary Poverty Analysis

• Monetary measures are commonly used but have limitations in capturing individual welfare within households.
• Non-monetary poverty analysis is a complementary approach that considers multiple dimensions such as housing, access to basic services, and asset ownership.
• Multidimensional poverty indices can provide a more comprehensive understanding of welfare, as they account for the joint distribution of different dimensions rather than aggregating them.

2. Quality of Housing

• Housing deprivation decreased from about 71% in 1993 to slightly above 57% in 2010.
• Overcrowding increased from 6% to nearly 8% over the same period.
• Gender disparities in housing deprivation narrowed, with the gap reducing from over 3 percentage points in 1993 to about 1 point in 2010.
• Regional disparities were significant, with the Sahel and Boucle du Mouhoun regions having the highest deprivation rates (over 80%) and the Centre-Est and Centre regions having the lowest (below 30%).

3. Access to Basic Services

• Access to drinking water improved, with the deprivation rate dropping from 22% to 17.5%, but this is still below the MDG target of halving the rate.
• Electricity and sanitation access remained low, with electricity deprivation at around 94% and sanitation deprivation at 64% in 2010.
• Women were slightly disadvantaged in access to basic services, with a small gap in water access and a more pronounced gap in sanitation access.
• Regional disparities were evident, with the Centre region being the least disadvantaged and the Sahel and Sud-Ouest regions the most.

4. Possession of Assets

• Asset deprivation decreased significantly, from 45% in 1993 to slightly above 20% in 2010.
• Land ownership among individuals decreased between 1998 and 2010, with more pronounced declines in urban areas.
• Gender inequality in land and housing ownership persisted, with the Sahel region showing the largest gaps (over 60 percentage points).
• The wealth index, derived from durable goods and MCA, was used to assess asset ownership and welfare.

5. Health and Nutrition

• Child malnutrition prevalence decreased over the period, with stunting dropping from 40% in 1993 to 35% in 2010.
• Severe stunting also declined, from 19% to 15%.
• Underweight and wasting rates showed some fluctuations, with a slight decline in underweight and a rise in wasting in 2003.
• Regional disparities in child nutrition were significant, with the Sahel and Est regions having the highest stunting rates.
• Women in urban areas showed higher rates of thinness and overweight/obesity, raising concerns about maternal health and chronic diseases.

6. Education

• Adult education levels remained low, with only minor improvements in net enrollment rates.
• Education deprivation was widespread, with the proportion of uneducated individuals aged 18-64 increasing slightly from 1993 to 2010.
• Gender disparities in education were evident, with women more likely to be deprived in education than men.
• Regional differences were also noted, with some areas showing better progress in education than others.

Key Information

• Data Sources: Four DHS surveys conducted in 1993, 1998-99, 2003, and 2010.
• Methodology: Combines the "dashboard" approach with multidimensional poverty analysis.
• Dimensions Analyzed:
  • Quality of housing
  • Access to basic services (electricity, water, sanitation)
  • Possession of assets
  • Health and nutrition
  • Education
• Key Findings:
  • Non-monetary poverty indicators showed a general decline, but progress was uneven across regions and genders.
  • Women and children in rural areas were more vulnerable to deprivation in various dimensions.
  • The Sahel region consistently showed the highest levels of deprivation in all dimensions.
  • The national goal of reducing child mortality by two-thirds by 2015 was not met by 2010.
  • Child malnutrition was a significant concern, with stunting and underweight rates still high.
  • Urban areas saw increasing rates of obesity and overweight, while rural areas experienced more severe issues related to access to basic services and nutrition.

Conclusion

The analysis highlights the importance of non-monetary indicators in understanding poverty and gender inequalities in Burkina Faso. While some progress was made in reducing deprivation across various dimensions, significant disparities remained, particularly in rural and marginalized regions. The study underscores the need for targeted policies to address these inequalities and improve overall welfare.