联合国环境署-2020排放差距报告（英文）-2020.12-128页_9mb

Emissions Gap Report 2020 Summary

Core Content

The Emissions Gap Report 2020 is a publication by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the UNEP DTU Partnership (UDP), with support from various international organizations and governments. It outlines the current state of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the progress of G20 nations towards their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and the potential role of policy measures in reducing the emissions gap. The report also explores the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on emissions and the need for a green recovery to align with the Paris Agreement goals.

Main Points and Key Information

1. Purpose and Scope

• The report aims to assess the difference between current emissions trends and the emissions levels required to meet the Paris Agreement long-term temperature goals of well below 2°C and 1.5°C.
• It evaluates the emissions gap for 2030, which is the difference between the emissions expected under current policies and those needed to keep global warming within the 2°C or 1.5°C limits.
• The report also examines the role of international shipping and aviation, equitable low-carbon lifestyles, and fiscal recovery measures in reducing emissions.

2. Emissions Trends and G20 Status

• Global emissions continued to rise in 2019, reaching a new high.
• The 2020 economic slowdown due to the pandemic is expected to reduce CO₂ emissions by up to 7%, but this reduction is insufficient to meet the Paris Agreement targets.
• The report estimates that even with full implementation of unconditional NDCs, global emissions are on track to increase by 1.8°C by the end of the century.
• A green recovery is essential to significantly reduce the emissions gap and bring the world closer to the 2°C pathway.

3. The Emissions Gap

• The emissions gap refers to the difference between emissions under current NDCs and those needed to limit warming to 1.5°C or 2°C.
• Under the current policy trajectory, the world is projected to warm by 3.2°C by 2100, even with full implementation of NDCs.
• A green pandemic recovery could reduce emissions by up to 25% compared to the emissions expected under current NDCs, bringing the world closer to the 2°C pathway.

4. Fiscal Measures and Recovery

• Fiscal rescue and recovery measures have largely supported the status quo of high-carbon economic activity.
• To effectively bridge the emissions gap, the report suggests:
  • Direct support for zero-emissions technologies and infrastructure
  • Reduction of fossil fuel subsidies
  • Investment in nature-based solutions such as large-scale landscape restoration and reforestation
• Governments must prioritize green recovery in future fiscal interventions and increase NDC ambitions in 2021.

5. Role of International Shipping and Aviation

• International shipping and aviation contribute significantly to global emissions.
• The report outlines mitigation options and pathways to reduce emissions in these sectors.
• Low-carbon pathways require a combination of policy interventions, technological innovation, and behavioral change.

6. Equitable Low-Carbon Lifestyles

• The consumption problem is highlighted as a critical factor in reducing emissions.
• The report discusses sector-specific emissions reductions and mechanisms that can encourage low-carbon lifestyles.
• Integrated policies are needed to ensure that lifestyle changes are supported across different sectors.

7. Co-Benefits and Policy Integration

• Co-benefits of climate policies can enhance social and economic outcomes.
• These benefits are often uncertain and depend on local conditions and implementation practices.
• The report emphasizes the importance of policy integration across sectors to achieve meaningful emissions reductions.

Key Definitions

Supporting Organizations and Contributors

• Project Steering Committee: Includes experts from UNEP, Germany, India, UK, Netherlands, and others.
• Lead Authors: Experts from various institutions, including UNEP, PBL Netherlands, NewClimate Institute, and others.
• Contributing Authors: A wide range of researchers and analysts from universities, think tanks, and international organizations.
• Reviewers: Experts from the International Energy Agency (IEA), World Resources Institute (WRI), European Commission, World Bank, and other key bodies.
• Supporting Organizations: ClimateWorks Foundation, Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy, German Federal Ministry for the Environment, KR Foundation, and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA).

Conclusion and Recommendations

• The 2020 Emissions Gap Report underscores the urgent need for green recovery and stronger climate action to meet the Paris Agreement goals.
• It calls for increased NDC ambition, policy integration, and support for low-carbon technologies and lifestyles.
• The pandemic has created an opportunity for a green recovery, but current fiscal measures have not adequately addressed the need for emissions reductions.
• Non-state and subnational actors also play a critical role in climate action, and their contributions should be encouraged.

Citation

United Nations Environment Programme (2020). Emissions Gap Report 2020. Nairobi.
Available at: https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020

Disclaimer

• The report does not express any legal opinion on the status of countries, territories, or cities.
• Mention of commercial companies or products does not imply endorsement.
• The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UNEP.

Acknowledgements

• The UNEP acknowledges the contributions of the steering committee, authors, reviewers, and secretariat.
• Special thanks to ClimateWorks Foundation, Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy, German Federal Ministry for the Environment, KR Foundation, and SIDA.

References

• The report includes a comprehensive list of references and glossary for clarity and further reading.