2011年-世界发展银行全球_Human_Development_Sector_Profile_Indonesia_2010-2011___Strengthening_Health_and_Education_Institutions_in_Indonesia_32页_1mb

Human Development Sector Profile Summary

Core Content

This document outlines the World Bank's engagement in supporting the Government of Indonesia in the Human Development sector, with a focus on education and health. It highlights the challenges and progress in these areas and presents the Bank's strategies to enhance service delivery, quality, and sustainability.

Main Viewpoints

Education Overview

• Indonesia has one of the largest education systems in the world, with over 46 million students and 2.7 million teachers across 250,000 schools.
• Two ministries manage the education system: the Ministry of National Education (MoNE) and the Ministry of Religious Affairs (MoRA), with 84% of schools under MoNE.
• Private schools play a significant role, especially in secondary education (56% of junior secondary and 67% of senior secondary).
• The education system has achieved universal primary enrollment and near universal junior secondary enrollment.
• Despite these achievements, challenges persist, including low quality of education, weak quality assurance systems, and poor performance in international assessments like PISA and TIMSS.

Health Overview

• Indonesia has made progress in health care, including reduced infant mortality and increased life expectancy.
• Maternal and neonatal health remain critical concerns, with high maternal mortality rates due to limited access to skilled birth attendants and emergency obstetric care.
• The government has introduced a public health insurance scheme, covering about one-third of the population, but universal coverage remains a challenge.
• Health financing reforms and the development of a sustainable health insurance system are essential for long-term improvements.

Key Information

World Bank Support in Education

• The World Bank supports education reforms across the entire life cycle, from early childhood to higher education.
• Focus areas include teacher certification, school quality improvement, and enhancing access to higher education.
• The Bank supports the development of the Early Childhood Education and Development (ECED) project, which provides block grants to communities for setting up ECED centers.
• A BOS-KITA initiative aims to improve transparency and accountability in the Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS) program, which funds schools on a per-student basis.

World Bank Support in Health

• The Bank supports health system strengthening through financing reforms, human resource development, and maternal health initiatives.
• It collaborates on a Maternal and Neo-Natal Health Service Delivery Pilot in West Java, focusing on improving access to certified delivery facilities and strengthening referral networks.
• The Bank also assists in the implementation of health insurance regulations and provides actuarial analyses to support universal coverage.

Education Challenges

• Education quality is a major issue, particularly in basic education, where international test results are poor.
• Decentralization has shifted education management to local levels, requiring stronger district and school governance.
• The BOS program, launched in 2005, is a key initiative to support school operations and improve education access and quality.

Health Challenges

• Maternal mortality remains high, especially among poor women who often deliver at home without skilled assistance.
• There is a need for better training of midwives, improved emergency obstetric care, and stronger links between community-based and hospital services.
• The WSSLIC 2 project improved water and sanitation access in rural communities, leading to better health outcomes and increased time for women to focus on education.

Project Details

Early Childhood Education and Development (ECED) Project

• Aims to reach 738,000 children in 50 districts over five years.
• Financed by IDA credits and a grant from the Kingdom of The Netherlands.
• Supports a holistic approach to early childhood development, including health, nutrition, and education.
• Has established over 2,800 community-based ECED centers as of September 2010.

Maternal and Neo-Natal Health Service Delivery Pilot

• Implemented in West Java with local health offices.
• Focuses on improving access to certified delivery facilities and enhancing referral systems.
• Includes strategies to promote facility-based delivery and improve maternal and neonatal surveillance.

Water and Sanitation for Low Income Communities (WSSLIC 2)

• Improved access to clean water and sanitation in rural areas.
• Increased women's time for children's education and reduced incidence of diarrhea.
• Utilized community participation and local capacity building for sustainability.

Key Reforms and Initiatives

• Teacher Reform: Includes certification and support for quality education.
• BOS-KITA: Enhances transparency and accountability in the BOS program.
• BOS Training 2011: Aims to train over 250,000 school principals, treasers, and committees.
• Health Insurance: The government's initiative to provide coverage to the poor, with the World Bank supporting its implementation and sustainability.

Conclusion

Indonesia's Human Development sector is undergoing significant transformation, supported by the World Bank through various initiatives aimed at improving education and health outcomes. While progress has been made, challenges in quality, access, and institutional effectiveness remain. The Bank's efforts are crucial in addressing these issues and ensuring sustainable development for the country's population.