2013年-世界发展银行全球_Zanzibar_Early_Childhood_Development___SABER_Country_Report_2013_22页_1mb

Summary of Tanzania: Zanzibar Early Childhood Development (ECD) Report

Core Content

This report provides an analysis of Early Childhood Development (ECD) programs and policies in Zanzibar, using the SABER-ECD framework. It highlights the current status of ECD in the region and outlines key policy goals and recommendations to enhance the ECD system.

Main Policy Goals and Key Findings

1. Establishing an Enabling Environment

• Legal Framework: Zanzibar lacks a strong legal framework to ensure access to health care and appropriate dietary consumption for pregnant women and young children.
• Health Care: Guidelines exist for free antenatal care and immunization, but enforcement is weak. Only 12% of pregnant women attend antenatal care in the first trimester, and 54% of births are attended by skilled attendants.
• Nutrition: No national law mandates salt iodization or iron fortification. Iodized salt consumption is at 64.4%, but one-quarter of school children suffer from goiter.
• Child Protection: The Friendly Children's Court was established in 2013 to protect children, but there are no comprehensive laws for child protection, domestic violence prevention, or paid parental leave.
• Special Needs: Inclusive education is promoted, but no policies exist for children with special needs in other ECD sectors. Only 2,000 students with special needs were accommodated in 2004.
• Birth Registration: Zanzibar has a 79% birth registration rate, the highest in the region, but a better data management system is needed to track children in residential homes.

2. Implementing Widely

• Health and Nutrition Programs: These programs are expanding but not yet universal. There is significant inequality in access, especially between urban and rural areas.
• Preschool Enrollment: Only 14% of children under six attend preprimary schools. Enrollment is higher in urban areas and among wealthier families.
• Parental and Caregiver Education: There is a need to scale up education on child health development, domestic abuse prevention, and early stimulation.

3. Monitoring and Assuring Quality

• Data Collection: Administrative and survey data on ECD indicators are not collected comprehensively.
• Standards and Quality Assurance: Standards for early learning are lacking, and there is no system to monitor the quality of ECD service delivery.

Key Information

• Population: Zanzibar has 1.3 million inhabitants (2012), with 45% under 15 years old.
• Poverty: 49% of the population lives under the basic needs poverty line.
• ECD Indicators:
  • Infant mortality: 61 per 1,000 live births (2010)
  • Under-five mortality: 101 per 1,000 live births (2010)
  • Moderate and severe stunting: 24.4% (2014)
  • Net preprimary enrollment rate: 13.8% (2010)
• ECD Services:
  • 24 government schools, 157 private schools, and 84 community-based madrasa schools are in operation.
  • 336 children are sheltered in residential homes.
• Funding:
  • ECD funding is not uniformly distributed across sectors.
  • The government contributes 42% of the EPI budget, while external donors cover the majority.
  • No national law mandates minimum funding for ECD across ministries.

Recommendations

Legal Framework

• Develop a national ECD policy to strengthen existing guidelines and ensure quality health care services for pregnant women and young children.
• Establish minimum standards for service delivery and penalties for non-compliance by health centers.
• Expand child protection interventions through training for lawyers, judges, law enforcement officers, and ECE teachers to recognize and address child abuse.

Intersectoral Coordination

• Mandate regular meetings of the national ECD working group and ECD practitioners to improve coordination.
• Develop a multisectoral ECD strategy to ensure integrated service delivery across education, health, nutrition, and social protection.

Finance

• Improve financial allocations for ECD within sectors to allow more efficient spending and implementation.
• Create a coordinated financial allocation system across sectors to ensure equitable distribution and resource availability.

Regional Comparisons

• Maternal and Child Mortality: Zanzibar has higher rates compared to Ethiopia and Kenya.
• Preprimary Enrollment: Zanzibar has lower enrollment than Kenya and Tanzania.
• Birth Registration: Zanzibar has the highest registration rate in the region.
• Child Protection: Zanzibar has introduced the Friendly Children's Court, but lacks comprehensive child protection laws and systems.

Conclusion

Zanzibar is at an emerging stage in its ECD development, with some progress in health and nutrition programs, but significant gaps in legal frameworks, intersectoral coordination, and monitoring systems. Strengthening these areas is essential to improve ECD outcomes and ensure that all children, especially the most vulnerable, receive adequate care and support.